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[Illustration]


   “Myths are told and songs are chanted
    Full of promptings and suggestions.”


MYTHOLOGY IN MARBLE

by

LOUIE M. BELL






Educational Publishing Company
Boston
New York      Chicago      San Francisco

Copyrighted
By Educational Publishing Company
1901


[Illustration]

   “All passes. Art alone
      Enduring stays to us;
    The bust outlasts the throne,--
      The coin, Tiberius;

   “Even the gods must go;
      Only the lofty rhyme
    Not countless years o’erthrow,--
      Not long array of time.

   “Paint, chisel, then, or write;
      But, that the work surpass,
    With the hard fashion fight,--
      With the resisting mass.”

    --Austin Dobson.




Index


  Venus of the Shell                                      _Frontispiece_
  Jupiter (Vatican)                                                   12
  Juno (Villa Ludovisi, Rome)                                         16
  Apollo Belvedere (Vatican)                                          20
  Niobe (Uffizi, Florence)                                            24
  Mars (Villa Ludovisi, Rome)                                         28
  Laocoon (Vatican)                                                   32
  Venus de Milo (Louvre, Paris)                                       36
  Farnese Hercules (Naples Museum)                                    40
  Venus de Medici (Uffizi, Florence)                                  44
  Hercules and Lichas (Torloni Palace, Rome)                          48
  Winged Victory (Louvre, Paris)                                      52
  Three Fates (British Museum, London)                                56
  Meleager (Vatican)                                                  60
  Apollo Musagetes (Vatican)                                          64
  Calliope (Vatican)                                                  68
  Diana (Vatican)                                                     72
  Sleeping Ariadne (Louvre, Paris)                                    76
  Ariadne (Frankfort, Germany)                                        80
  Minerva (Capitol, Rome)                                             84
  Euterpe (Louvre, Paris)                                             88
  Orpheus and Eurydice (Villa Albani, Naples)                         92
  Bacchus (Naples Museum)                                             96
  Apollo and Daphne (Villa Borghese, Rome)                           100
  Proserpine (Villa Ludovisi, Rome)                                  104
  Cupid (So. Kensington Museum, London)                              108
  Vulcan (Copenhagen, Denmark)                                       112
  Perseus (Vatican)                                                  116
  Hebe (National Gallery, London)                                    120
  Ganymede and the Eagle (Naples Museum)                             124
  Cupid Stung (Naples)                                               128
  Cupid and Psyche (Louvre, Paris)                                   132
  Mercury (Luxembourg, Paris)                                        138
  Mercury (Luxembourg, Paris)                                        142
  Genius of Death (St. Peter’s, Rome)                                146
  The Graces (Borghese Gallery, Rome)                                150
  Pan (Luxembourg, Paris)                                            154
  Hope (Luxembourg, Paris)                                           158




Preface.

   “They are coming back in might,
    Olympic gods, to claim their ancient right.
    Shall then the sacred majesty of old,
    The grace that holy was, the noble rage,
    Temper our strife, abate our greed for gold,
    Make fine our modern age?”


In this practical age it is not to be supposed that busy people in
general have time to make a thorough study of mythologic science: but
to share understandingly the love of sculpture now awakened in the
public mind, and for a better appreciation of our galleries of casts,
it is desirable to have at least a suggestive knowledge of the myths
and legends which have inspired so many artists in the moulding of
their statues, for--

   “Even in ruins of their marble limbs
    They breathe of that far world wherefrom they came,
    Of liquid light and harmonies serene,
    Lost halls of heaven and fair Olympian air.”

In this book the aim has been to introduce some of the best specimens
of mythologic sculpture to those who wish to become acquainted with
things which add to the resources of a happy imagination, but who find
it impracticable to study set treatises on “fossil theology,” or to
consider the historical development of art.

An unpretentious exposition of the myths has been given together with
their popular interpretations. The poets, ever the best commentators
on mythology and sculpture, are freely quoted. These metrical lines,
relating either to the statues or the stories, may serve to stamp
indelibly on the mind facts otherwise effaceable.

A table of Greek and Roman synonymous deities and a list of suggestive
readings in modern literature are appended.

                                                  --_L. M. B._




[Illustration]

The Gods and Their Makers.

   “Want you the brand and scope of man, he is
    Maker of Gods. A novice at the trade,
    He made God out of winds and thunder clouds,
    The unpropitious seasons, threatening moons,
    And the invisible ambuscade of death.
    Poor frightened babe, he worshiped with a wail,
    Clutching his mother earth, and in her face
    Burying his fears. Then childlike artist grown
    He craved for form, and from the shapes around
    Contorted fair the figure of himself,
    Moulded his deities in wood and stone
    Around his bed, his banquet board, his tomb
    As yet a bungler, but when youth infused
    Into the sap and marrow of his brain
    The vernal subtleties of love, he dreamed
    Of gods as fair as he himself would be,
    Majestic, abstract, yet with solid power
    To make a goddess tremble; and behold,
    Under the yearning passion of his thought
    The embryonic marble sloughed its shell,
    And gods of strength and beauty trod the earth,
    Their foreheads high in heaven.”

    --_Alfred Austin._




[Illustration]

Jupiter.

“The Father of Gods.”

   “_From the great father of the gods above
    My muse begins; for all is full of Jove._”

                                       --MILTON.


STORY.

THE KING OF THE HEAVENS.

   “When gods began with wrath,
    And war rose up between their brows,
    Some choosing to cast Cronus from his throne,
    That Zeus might king it there, and some in haste,
    With opposite oaths, that they would have no Zeus
    To rule the gods forever.”

                                       --_E. B. Browning._

Cronus, the father of Jupiter, was in the habit of swallowing his
children at birth, but when Jupiter was born his mother, Rhea, hid him
in a cave and gave to the unnatural father a stone wrapped in swaddling
clothes which he accepted, unaware of the deception.

Jupiter grew up under the care of the nymphs, and, after a mighty
conflict, overthrew the dynasty of the old gods and took possession of
the throne and dominion of Cronus. He was then supreme ruler of gods
and men, but had viceroys of the sea and the regions of the dead in
Neptune and Pluto. His lawful wife, Juno, reigned with him in equal
sovereignty. Their children were Mars, Vulcan and Hebe. Although wedded
to Juno, Jupiter as the deity of the visible heavens, had brides and
children in many lands. The abode of this wisest and most glorious of
the divinities was on Mt. Olympus in the unclouded ether.


INTERPRETATION.

The strange story of Cronus, who swallowed his own children, has
reference to the consumption and reproduction continually going on in
nature.

The words Jupiter, Zeus, Jove, mean heaven, father, almighty.


ART.

This Carrara marble head was found at Otricoli, a small town near Rome,
in 1775, and is called the most beautiful of all the representations of
Jupiter. The high forehead is made to appear still higher by the lines
of the hair which meet in the center in a pointed arch. A deep furrow
divides the hair from the face. The curled beard seems admirably in
keeping with Olympian dignity.

The work was probably executed in Rome in about the first century.




[Illustration]

Juno.

“The Ox-eyed Queen.”

   “_Where, O Juno, is the glory
    Of thy regal look and tread?
    Will they lay forever more, thee
    On thy dim, straight, golden bed?
    Will they queendom all lie hid
    Meekly under either lid?_”

                             --E. B. BROWNING.


STORY.

THE GODDESS OF MARRIAGE.

   “Wedding is great Juno’s crown:
    Oh, blessed bond of board and bed!
   ’Tis Hymen peoples every town;
    High wedlock then be honored;
    Honor, high honor and renown,
    To Hymen, god of every town.”

                             --_Shakespeare._

Juno’s marriage to Jupiter was one of the most auspicious events that
ever took place on Mt. Olympus. To their union were traced all the
blessings of nature and when they met as on Mt. Ida in a golden cloud,
sweet and fragrant flowers sprang up around them.

It is recorded, however, that they had many quarrels and wranglings,
the blame of which was usually traced to Juno. She was frequently
angry, jealous and quarrelsome, and her character was proud and not
free from bitterness. The Romans believed that every woman had her Juno
who protected her through life. The peacock was sacred to Juno.

   “The white-armed Juno there enthroned was seen,
    Sovereign of heaven and Jove’s imperious queen;
    Still near his queen her watchful peacock spreads
    His thousand eyes, his circling luster sheds;
    Where’er she bends the living radiance burns
    And floats majestic as the goddess turns.”

                                       --_Lope de Vega._


INTERPRETATION.

Juno is the personification of what may be called the “female powers of
the heavens, that is, the atmosphere with its fickle, yet fertilizing
qualities.” That phase of her life as bride is obviously associated
with the phenomena of the heavens in the spring time when the return of
dazzling light and warmth spreads everywhere affectionate gaiety and
blooming of new life.


ART.

This marble head is in the Villa Ludovisi, Rome, and is considered the
most beautiful of all the representations of Juno. It expresses great
energy of character united with the utmost feminine grace and purity.
The name of the artist is unknown, but he is presumed to have been an
Athenian.




[Illustration]

Apollo Belvedere.

“And the cold marble leapt to life a god.”

   “_‘Bright haired Apollo,’ thou who ever art
    A blessing to the world--whose mighty heart
    Forever pours out love and light and life._”

                                                 --PIKE.


STORY.

A PYTHIAN GOD.

The slime with which the earth was covered by the waters of the flood,
caused so excessive a fertility as to produce every variety of life,
both good and bad. An enormous serpent, called Python, crept forth and
lurking in the caves of Mt. Parnassus, became the terror of the people.

Apollo encountered this reptile, and, after a fearful battle, slew him
with his arrows. In commemoration of this conquest he instituted the
Pythian games, in which the victor in feats of strength, swiftness of
foot or in the chariot race, was crowned with a wreath of beech leaves.


INTERPRETATION.

Apollo’s conflict with the serpent, Python, is a symbol of the victory
of light and warmth over darkness and cold. He used his bright beams
(arrows) against the demon of darkness (Python). His shafts slay men
as does sun-stroke. Andrew Lang relates a strange coincidence of a
German scholar, Otfried Muller, who had always opposed Apollo’s claim
to being a sun-god. He was killed by a sun-stroke at Delphi. The god
thus avenged himself in his ancient home.

   “The sunbeams are my shafts
    With which I kill
    Deceit, that loves the night
    And fears the day.
    All men who do, or even
    Imagine ill
    Fly me.”

                             --_Shelley._


ART.

This statue is given the highest place of honor in Europe’s most
celebrated sculpture gallery, the Belvedere of the Vatican. It was
discovered in 1503, amid the ruins of Antium and was purchased by Pope
Julius II., who removed it to Rome.

It is for the modern world one of the most popular statues of the
ancient world. Though it has been much studied and admired there has
been a question as to its exact meaning. Collignon says that the object
in the hand is a fragment of the Ægis with the Medusa head with which
Apollo routed his enemies. Others think from the position and the
quiver strap across the breast that the god is represented immediately
after his victory over the Python.




[Illustration]

Niobe.

“The Mater Dolorosa of Antique Art.”

   “_To stone the gods have changed her but in vain;
    The sculptor’s art has made her breathe again._”

                                                 --GREEK EPIGRAM.


STORY.

A FROZEN TRAGEDY.

Niobe, Queen of Thebes, was the daughter of Tantalus and wife of
Amphion, who was the most famous of mythological musicians. She was
the mother of seven sons and seven daughters. She became jealous of
the Goddess Leto and commanded the Theban women to cease their worship
of her, explaining that she considered herself far superior to Leto,
who had but two children, while she had seven times as many. This so
angered Leto that she commanded Apollo and Diana to kill all of Niobe’s
children. The father, Amphion, overwhelmed by this calamity, destroyed
himself. The proud mother, thus bereft of husband and children, wept
continually night and day, until Jupiter turned her into stone; yet
tears continued to flow; and borne on a whirlwind to her native
mountain, she still remains a mass of rock from which a trickling
stream flows, the tribute to her never-ending grief.

   “And now in Sipylus, amid the rocks
    And lonely mountains, she, though turned to stone,
    Broods over wrongs inflicted by the gods.”

                                                 --_Lewis Morris._


INTERPRETATION.

Niobe is the personification of winter, and the myth signifies the
melting of snow and the destruction of its icy offspring under the rays
of the spring sun.


ART.

This statue is attributed to Scopas. It was disinterred in Rome in 1583
and is now in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.

It is part of a group composed of seventeen figures--Niobe and fourteen
children, a pedagogue and a nurse. The figure of the mother clasped
by the arm of her terrified child is one of the most admired of the
ancient statues. It is the highest instance in sculpture in which the
body, itself exempt from pain, so wonderfully reflects the tortured
soul. It ranks with the Laocoon and Apollo Belvedere as a work of art.




[Illustration]

Mars.

“God of Dreadful War.”

   “_The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit
    Up to his ears in blood._”

                                       --SHAKESPEARE.


STORY.

THE WAR GOD.

Mars, the son of Jupiter and Juno, was born in Thrace, a country noted
for its fierce storms and war-loving people. He had quarrelsome tastes
and delighted in the din and noise of warfare, never questioning
which side was right. Strife and slaughter were the conditions of his
existence. His attendants, Fear, Discord, Alarm, Dread and Terror,
sympathized with him heartily and readily followed his lead.

Bellona, goddess of war, watched over him closely. She drove his
chariot, warded off dangerous blows, and in other ways protected him.
The altars of Mars and Bellona were the only ones given up to human
sacrifice.

The shield and sword, the spear and burning torch are the emblems of
Mars. His chosen animals are haunters of the battle field--the vulture
and the dog.

The character of this fierce god of battles had a softer side. Although
inconsistent and capricious, he loved and was beloved by Venus, the
fair goddess of beauty.

The principal worshipers of Mars were Roman soldiers who believed that
he marched in person at the head of their armies. Their exercising
ground was called the Campus Martius or field of Mars. All the laurel
crowns bestowed upon victorious generals were placed on his statues and
a bull was their customary sacrifice to him.

   “The soldier from successful camps returning
    With laurel wreathed and rich with hostile spoil,
    Severs the bull to Mars.”

                                                 --_Prior._


INTERPRETATION.

The fury of the storm winds which threw heaven and earth into confusion
furnished the conception of the god of war. The phenomena of the
atmosphere with its tumults and uncertainty were well shown by his
character.


ART.

This Mars, one of the most excellent works of ancient art, in the Villa
Ludovisi, Rome, is sometimes ascribed to Scopas.

The god, with unused sword and shield, is sitting in a careless, easy
attitude absorbed in reverie. It would seem to us from the little Cupid
at his feet that it is love for Venus which has overcome the god of
battles.




[Illustration]

Laocoon.

   “_Or, turning to the Vatican, go see
    Laocoon’s torture dignifying pain--
    A father’s love and mortal agony
    With an immortal patience blending; Vain
    The struggle; vain, against the coiling strain
    And gripe, and deep’ning of the dragon’s grasp,
    The old man’s clinch; the enormous asp
    Enforces pang on pang, and stifles gasp on gasp._”

                                                 --BYRON.


STORY.

A PLASTIC TRAGEDY.

Laocoon was a priest of Apollo at Troy and endeavored unsuccessfully to
dissuade the Trojans from admitting into their gates the wooden horse
which the Greeks gave out was intended as a propitiatory offering to
Minerva, but in fact was filled with Achæan chiefs who, by means of
this strategem, obtained entrance into the doomed city. Sinon, who had
been left behind when the Greeks pretended to sail away, persuaded the
Trojans that the horse would prove a blessing and they drew it inside
the gates.

   “Oh, the enchanting words of that base slave,
    Made them to think Epeu’s pine-tree horse
    A sacrifice to appease Minerva’s wrath.”

                                       --_Marlowe._

Laocoon also struck his spear into the side of the monster. His words
and acts so offended Minerva that she sent two serpents out of the
sea to destroy him and his sons. They were speedily enveloped in the
creatures’ slimy folds and died in great agony.


INTERPRETATION.

Max Muller says that the meaning or root of the name Laocoon is
symbolic of Sin the Throttler. The strange fate of Laocoon was readily
believed to be a punishment for the violence he had done the sacred
horse.


ART.

   “Laocoon! thou great embodiment
    Of human life and human history!
    Thou record of the past, thou prophecy
    Of the sad future, thou majestic voice,
    Pealing along the ages from old time!
    Thou wail of agonized humanity!
    There lives no thought in marble like to thee!
    Thou hast no kindred in the Vatican,
    But standest separate among the dreams
    Of old mythologies--alone--alone!”

                                       --_J. G. Holland._

This group is wonderful as a work of sculpture and one of the most
celebrated pieces in existence. It was found in the excavations of the
Baths of Titus, Rome, in 1506, and was at once placed in the Belvedere
of the Vatican, where it has ever since remained. The period of the
statue is not definitely known.

The right arm of the father has been incorrectly restored. It is
thought that it was originally bent in such a way that the hand was
near the back of the head as then the general outline of the group
would be pyramidal, and the summit of the pyramid would be the father’s
head.

The three figures represent three acts of the tragedy. The eldest son
is still unhurt, and if we did not know the story we might think his
escape possible.

In the father is seen the highest tension of forces to free himself
from the coils of the serpents. The straining muscles, the expanded
chest and head thrown upward and backward, show his terrible effort.

The struggles of the younger son are weak and pitiable, showing that
resistance is at an end.

The expression of physical and emotional pain in this statue is so
materialistic as to be repulsive to sensitive natures. The scene is
literally too sensational for sculpture. “Its pathology overpowers its
pathos.”




[Illustration]

Venus.

“Goddess of Love and Beauty.”

   “_Look, look, why shine
    Those floating bubbles with such light divine?
    They break, and from their mist a lily form
    Rises from out the wave in beauty warm._”

                                                 --SHELLEY.


STORY.

THE BIRTH OF VENUS.

Cradled on a great blue wave lay Venus when discovered by the lovely
sea-nymphs. They immediately assumed her care, tenderly nursed her and
watched over her until she became a calm, splendid woman. Her grace and
beauty conquered every heart. Oceanides, Tritons and Nereids, all gave
her rapturous admiration. At length the foster mothers entrusted her to
Zephyrus, who gently wafted her to the island of Cyprus where she was
met by the Muses, Hours and Graces and led to the assembly of the gods,
who bent in homage to her surpassing beauty.

Her power soon extended over men as well as gods, and temples were
reared in her honor upon every shore. She had favors for some and
strong antipathies for others of the worshipers at her shrines, and
many are the stories and romances which cluster round her name.


INTERPRETATION.

Venus is the image of the dawn, the most lovely of the sights of
nature. In ancient times the power of admiring was one of the greatest
blessings bestowed on mankind, and the beautiful morning, as embodied
in Venus, was, therefore, intensely admired and worshiped.


ART.

   “Through those calm lips, proud goddess, speak!
    Portray to us thy gorgeous fane
    Where Melian suitors thronged to seek
    Thine aid love’s paradise to gain.

    Vouchsafe at least our minds to free
    From doubts pertaining to thy charms;
    The meaning of thy bended knee,
    The secret of thy vanished arms.”

                                       --_J. L. Stoddard._

This beautiful Greek original, the Venus of Milo, has been called “the
marble realization of the dream of fair women.” While it is universally
recognized as a great work of art, nothing is definitely known as to
the period or school to which it belongs.

It was discovered in 1820, by a peasant on the Island of Melos, in
the niche of a wall which had long been buried. The French ambassador
at Constantinople purchased and presented it to Louis XVIII., king of
France, and it is now in the Louvre.

The statue is made of two blocks of marble joined above the drapery
which envelops the lower limbs. The tip of the nose and the foot which
projects beyond the drapery have been restored by modern artists. The
restoration of the arms has often been unsuccessfully attempted.

In spite of the mutilated limbs of this marble Venus, she holds
undisputed sway over the hearts of all beholders.




[Illustration]

Hercules.

“The Hero.”

   “_I toil no more
    On earth, nor wield again the mighty strength
    Which Zeus once gave me for the cure of ills;
    I have run my race; I have done my work; I rest
    Forever from the toilsome days I gave
    To the suffering race of men._”

                                       --WM. MORRIS.


STORY.

THE DEMI-GOD.

Hercules is one of the most significant figures in Grecian mythology.
He was the son of Jupiter by a mortal maiden named Alcmene. Juno, who
hated the children of her husband by mortal mothers, declared war
against him from his birth. Through her decrees there were imposed upon
him a succession of desperate undertakings which are called the Twelve
Labors of Hercules. The variety and motives of these labors make up a
story which might easily be turned into Christian allegory. Through
them we learn not only of the strength of Hercules and his victories
over monstrous evils, but also of his frailties which he vanquished by
superhuman will.


INTERPRETATION.

Hercules is a sun hero, born of the sky (Jupiter) and the dawn
(Alcmene). His twelve great tasks are interpreted to represent either
the twelve signs of the zodiac, the twelve months of the solar year, or
the twelve hours of daylight.


ART.

   “Great Alcides stooping with his toil
    Rests on his club.”

                                       --_Pope._

This colossal statue, called the Farnese Hercules, was found in 1540 in
the ruins of the baths of Caracalla, Rome, and is now one of the chief
attractions of the Naples Museum, where it was placed by the Farnese
family in 1790. There has been much dispute as to its origin, but the
conclusion to which criticism is now pointing is that it was executed
by Glycon in the first century.

The anatomy of the figure, though exaggerated to be in keeping with the
character of the hero, is well worth study.




[Illustration]

Venus de Medici.


A large proportion of the statues of Praxiteles represented the
idealized beauty of women, and with common consent it is admitted
that he created the type of Venus in his celebrated statue called the
Venus of Cnidus. There is a story that he made two statues of her, one
clothed and the other unclothed. The choice between the two was offered
to the people of Cos, who, more modest than artistic, selected the
draped statue. The Cnidians most joyfully bought the nude Venus and
it was said to have made the seaport town so attractive that people
flocked thither from all parts to view the beautiful marble goddess.
But this statue has perished. It was seen in its beauty probably
about 150, A. D. All that remain are but feeble echoes of its grace.
Pausanius tells us that it was a portrait of Phryne, who was much
beloved by Praxiteles and often served him as a model.

   “Phryne, thy human lips shall pale,
    Thy rounded limbs decay;
    Not love nor prayer can aught avail
    To bid thy beauty stay.

    But there thy smile for centuries
    On marble lips shall live;
    For art can grant what love denies
    And fix the fugitive.

    And there upon the silent face
    Shall unborn ages see
    Perennial youth, perennial grace
    And sealed serenity.”

                             --_W. W. Story._


INTERPRETATION.

The moral conception of Venus as goddess of the higher and purer love,
especially wedded love and fruitfulness as opposed to mere sensual
lust, was but slowly developed in the course of ages.


ART.

The Venus de Medici claims direct descent from the Venus of Cnidus,
and preserves some of the sweet unconsciousness which must have been
the special charm of the original. It belongs to the Græco-Roman
period of sculpture and was executed by Cleomenes. It was found in the
ruins of Portico Octavio, passed at once into the possession of the
Medici family, and is now in the Tribuna of the Uffizi, Florence. Its
“divinity has vanished; the beautiful humanity alone remains.”




[Illustration]

Hercules and Lichas.

   “_And Lichas from the top of Œta threw
    Into the Euboic sea._”

                                       --MILTON.


STORY.

DEATH AND DEIFICATION.

   “Till the god, the earthly part forsaken,
    From the man in flames asunder taken,
    Drank the heavenly ether’s purer breath.
    Joyous in the new unwonted lightness,
    Soared he upwards to celestial brightness,
    Earth’s dark, heavy burden lost in death.
    High Olympus gives harmonious greeting
    To the hall where reigns his sire adored;
    Youth’s bright goddess, with a blush at meeting,
    Gives the nectar to her lord.”

                                                 --_Schiller._

When Hercules’ twelve labors were ended he married Dejanira and lived
in peace with her for three years. One day when they were traveling,
in crossing a river, the ferryman, a Centaur by the name of Nessus,
endeavored to carry away Dejanira, but Hercules heard her cries and
pierced the Centaur through the heart with one of his poisoned arrows.
With dying accents Nessus professed repentance and begged Dejanira to
take his robe and keep it for its magic power.

                                        “Take
    This white robe. It is costly. See my blood
    Has stained it but a little. I did wrong:
    I know it and repent me. If there come
    A time when he grows cold--for all the race
    Of heroes wander, nor can any love
    Fix theirs for long--take him and wrap him in it
    And he shall love again.”

                                                 --_Wm. Morris._

Soon afterwards the news was brought to Dejanira that Hercules was in
love with Iola and she sent to him by his page, Lichas, the robe given
her by the Centaur. When Hercules donned the robe poison seized upon
his frame.

   “Clasping each limb the tunic racked each joint,
    Convulsive pains, but when he felt the accurst
    Fell serpents’ venom batten in his flesh
    He cried aloud for Lichas, the ill-starred.”

Lichas vainly denied all knowledge of the treacherous deed, but
Hercules, maddened by his agony, seized him by the foot and hair and
hurled him into space. “Lichas congealed like hail in mid air and
turned to stone, then falling into the Euboic sea became a rock which
still bears his name and retains the human form.” Hercules wrenched off
the garment, but it stuck to his flesh and with it he tore away whole
pieces of his body. In this condition he ascended Mt. Œta, where he
built a funeral pyre, and laying himself upon it, commanded his son
to apply the torch. The flames soon put an end to his suffering and
his spirit passed in a thunder cloud to Olympus. Dejanira, seeing the
calamity she had unwittingly caused, took her own life.


INTERPRETATION.

The slaughter of the Centaur by Hercules signifies the dissipation of
vapors by the sun. Dejanira, “the destroying spouse,” is daylight,
Iola the beautiful twilight, and the bloody robe a sun cloud, now
concealing, now revealing, the mangled body of the sun. Hercules ends
his career in one grand flame, the emblem of the sun setting in a
framework of blazing crimson clouds.


ART.

This spirited group by Canova, in the Torloni Palace, Rome, represents
Hercules throwing Lichas into the sky. The poisoned garment clings most
painfully to his body. The lion skin and club have slipped to the base
of the altar upon which he was about to offer sacrifice.




[Illustration]

Winged Victory.

“Nike the Victorious.”

   “_The herald Nike first,
    From the dim resting place unfettered burst
    Winged victory over fate and time and death._”


STORY.

A HEAVENLY MESSENGER.

The Goddess of Victory was the daughter of the giant Pallas and the
Oceanid nymph Styx. Her attributes were a wreath, a palm branch and a
trophy of armor. Sometimes she carried a staff as a sign of her power.
She floated in the air with outstretched wings or appeared coming down
to earth--now pointing the way to a victor, now placing a wreath upon
his brow.

   “Haste! haste! bring olive--
      A people’s tribute for the people’s hour;
    The gods themselves decree
      To give the immortal dower.”

                                       --_Annie Fields._


INTERPRETATION.

Victory was embodied in a winged goddess. In beholding this bold and
graceful conception we realize how picturesquely the Greek fancy
personified even passing events.


ART.

This marble, one of the most noticeable and interesting in the Louvre,
is a colossal fragment of a winged Victory discovered in 1863 on the
Island of Samothrace. The head, arms and feet are lacking. The statue
must originally have been at least twelve feet high.

The figure seems sweeping down through the air and in the very act of
alighting. Every fold in the floating garment has a direct purpose,
at first indistinctly manifest, then widening and finally lost in the
general mass.

The pediment on which the statue stood represents the prow of a ship,
and makes it clear that it was executed to commemorate a naval victory
of the Athenians off Cyprus, 306 B. C. As restored by Zumbusch, Nike
holds in one hand a trumpet and in the other a rod intended to support
the trophies.




[Illustration]

The Three Fates

“The Weird Sisters.”

   “_Twist ye, twine ye! even so,
    Mingle shades of joy and woe,
    Hope, and fear, and peace, and strife,
    In the thread of human life._”

                                       --SCOTT.


STORY.

THE DAUGHTERS OF NIGHT.

   “In their dark House of Cloud
    The three weird sisters toil till time be sped:
    One unwinds life; one ever weaves the shroud;
    One waits to cut the thread.”

                                       --_Thomas Bailey Aldrich._

The Fates were three sisters, daughters of Night, and were named Clotho
(Spinner), Lachesis (Alotter), and Atropos (Unchangeable).

They exercised a great influence over human life from the cradle to
the grave. They spent their time spinning a thread of gold, silver
or wool--now tightening, now slackening, and at last cutting it off.
This occupation was so arranged that Clotho put the thread around the
spindle, Lachesis spun it, and Atropos, the eldest, cut it off--

   “Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears
    And slits the thin spun life.”

                                                 --_Milton._

Catullus thus gives a description of their spinning--

   “Still as they span, as they span, was the tooth kept nipping and
            smoothing,
    And to the withered lips clung morsels of wool as they smoothed it--
    Filaments erstwhile rough that stood from the twist of the surface.
    Close at their feet meantime, were woven baskets of wicker,
    Guarding the soft white balls of the wool resplendent within them.
    Thus then, parting the strands, these three with resonant voices
    Uttered in chant divine, predestined sooth of the future--
    Prophecy neither in time, nor yet in eternity shaken.”


INTERPRETATION.

The three Fates are the embodiment of a doctrine of Necessity which
has all things within its inexorable grasp. They represent the birth,
life and death of every man--Clotho the birth, as she holds unwound the
thread on the distaff, Lachesis the life, with the thread just passing
through her fingers, Atropos the death, as she waits, holding the
shears to cut the thread.


ART.

These figures in pentelic marble were taken by the agents of Lord Elgin
from the east pediment of the Parthenon in 1801. They were bought by
the English Government and are now in the British Museum, London. There
are no restorations.

The “blind decrees of Fate” recline negligently on rocky ground. Two of
them seem almost as if about to rise, the third is leaning on the bosom
of her companion. Their forms are large and robust, but at the same
time supple and graceful and expressing perfect maturity of womanhood.
The flowing folds of their garments reveal as well as conceal the
charming outlines of their limbs. “The dress is the echo of the form.”




[Illustration]

Meleager.

“The Graceful Hunter.”

   “_Rock-rooted, fair with fierce and fastened lips,
    Clear eyes and springing muscles and shortening limb,--
    With chin aslant indrawn to a tightening throat,
    Grave, and with gathered sinews, like a god,--
    Aimed at the left side his well-handled spear,
    Grasped where the ash was knottiest hewn, and smote,
    And with no missile wound, the monstrous boar
    Right in the hairiest hollow of his hide,
    Under the last rib, sheer through bulk and bone,
    Deep in; and deeply smitten, and to death.
    The heavy horror with his hanging shafts
    Leapt, and fell furiously, and from raging lips
    Foamed out the latest wrath of all his life._”

                                                 --SWINBURNE.


STORY.

THE HERO OF THE CALYDONIAN HUNT.

Meleager was the son of Œneus and Althea, the king and queen of
Calydon. When he was born the three Fates foretold that the child would
live no longer than a brand then burning upon the hearth. The mother
carefully quenched the brand and hid it away and Meleager grew to
manhood.

Diana, thinking that she was not duly honored by the people of
Calydonia, sent a wild boar of enormous size to lay waste the fields.
The growing corn, the vines and olive trees were trampled and
destroyed; the flocks and herds were driven hither and thither in
confusion and slaughtered. Meleager called all the heroes of Greece to
aid him in putting this monster to death. When they assembled for the
hunt, Atalanta, a famous huntress, appeared, to the surprise of all.

   “Arcadian Atalanta, snowy-souled,
    Fair as the snow and footed as the wind.”

                                       --_Swinburne._

After an exciting chase, with many narrow escapes, Atalanta first
pierced the boar which was afterwards slain by Meleager. The hero,
enamoured with the lovely huntress, bestowed upon her the head of the
animal as a trophy of his success. The two uncles of Meleager, brothers
of Althea, were envious of this act and snatched from the maiden the
trophy she had received. Meleager, in a rage at the insult, slew them
both.

When Althea saw the bodies of her murdered brothers, there came upon
her a desire for vengeance on her son, and she brought forth the brand
so carefully preserved all the years, and threw the precious bit of
wood upon the hearth. The brand was consumed to ashes and as the
last spark flickered out, Meleager’s life was “breathed forth to the
wandering winds.” In remorse for her deed Althea took her own life.


INTERPRETATION.

Meleager is a solar hero. He slays the boar (drought), loves Atalanta
(dawn) and is finally slain by his own mother (twilight). The twilight
cannot long survive the setting of the sun.


ART.

Since the taste for classic art has existed this statue has attracted
attention. It is said that Raphael and Michael Angelo were filled
with admiration when beholding it. There has never been any attempt
at restoration of the hand which undoubtedly held a spear. Few heads
of the hero type can be compared with this for power of expression.
Meleager’s unparalleled virtues and his morbid passion are both
represented. The statue is probably a Roman copy in marble of some
celebrated Greek original in bronze. It is in the Belvedere of the
Vatican.




[Illustration]

Apollo Musagetes.

“The Patron of Music.”

   “_To the sun-god all our hearts and lyres,
      By day, by night, belong;
    And the breath we draw from his living fires
      We give him back in song._”

                                                 --MOORE.


STORY.

THE LEADER OF THE MUSES.

   “Whom all the Muses loved, not one alone;--
    Into his hand they put the lyre of gold,
    And crowned with sacred laurel at their fount,
    Placed him as Musagetes, on their throne.”

                                       --_Longfellow._

Apollo was skilled in the art of music and sang hymns of his composing
to an accompaniment of his own upon a wonderful lyre which Hermes had
made for him. He was the dearly loved leader of the nine Muses, and was
surnamed Musagetes.

That he should be the god both of music and poetry does not appear
strange, but that medicine should also be assigned to his province may.
Armstrong, a physician as well as a poet, thus explains--

   “Music exalts each joy, allays each grief,
    Expels diseases, softens every pain;
    And hence the wise of ancient days adored
    One power of physic, melody and song.”


INTERPRETATION.

As the kindly beams of the “orb of day” (Apollo) spread light and
warmth over nature there are heard everywhere happy, joyful sounds, the
music of his lyre.

The sun was regarded as the natural restorer of all life and as such
his power extended over human ailments and diseases.


ART.

This statue was found in the ruins of the so-called Villa of Cassius in
1774, and was added to the Vatican collection.

The rich and flowing draperies in which Apollo is clothed give the
statue an almost feminine fulness of form. Although only indifferently
executed, it has a graceful movement which renders it impressive. It is
evidently a copy of a famous original, some critics say of Scopas.

The god is represented as gliding forward in the dance in which he
leads the Muses.




[Illustration]

Calliope.

“The Beautiful Voiced.”

   “_Land of the Muse! within thy bowers
      Her soul entrancing echoes rang.
    While on their course the rapid hours
      Paused at the melody she sang--
    Till every grove and every hill
      And every stream that flowed along
    From morn to night repeated still
      The winning harmony of song._”


STORY.

THE MUSE OF POETRY.

   “Offspring of Jove, Calliope, once more
    To the bright sun thy hymn of music pour.”

                                       --_Shelley._

Calliope, the fairest of the Muses and their chief representative,
often appeared before the gods and many of them fell victims to the
charms of her sweet voice and graceful manner. But of them all she
loved the bright sun god best, and many were the verses she composed
and sang in his honor. He returned her love with ardor. She readily
consented to their union and became the proud mother of Orpheus, who
inherited from his parents great musical and poetic gifts.


INTERPRETATION.

Calliope, the personification of the light of day and hence associated
with Apollo, the sun god, became naturally, as her voice was song, the
goddess of harmony and finally the Muse of epic poetry.


ART.

This statue of the Muse, found in 1774 in the ruins of the Villa of
Cassius, and now in the Vatican, is graceful and artistically excellent.

Calliope is seated, her figure slightly bent in meditation. She holds
a tablet in her left hand; while her right is poised in a manner to
enhance the expression of thought. She seems to be debating just how
best to word her song.

There are few works of art in which the artist’s conception is more
clearly and admirably shown.




[Illustration]

Diana.

“The Virgin Huntress.”

   “_Oh! Hunter chaste
    Of riverside and woods, and healthy waste,
    Where with thy silver bow and arrows keen,
    Art thou now forested? O woodland queen,
    What smoother air thy smoother forehead woos?
    Where dost thou listen to the wide haloos
    Of thy departed nymphs? Through what dark tree
    Glimmers thy crescent?_”

                                       --BEN JONSON.


STORY.

THE MOON GODDESS.

   “Goddess serene, transcending every star!
    Queen of the sky whose beams are seen afar!
    By night heaven owns thy sway, by day the grove,
    When as chaste Dian, here thou deign’st to rove.”

                                                 --_Byron._

Diana was the twin sister of Apollo. She had many lovers, but her heart
remained cold to all of them until one calm, clear night, in bending
down from her moon-car over the shadowy, dream-like earth, she beheld
Endymion sleeping. At once her heart was warmed by his surpassing
beauty, and gliding gently from her chariot, she kissed him and watched
lovingly over him while he slept.

   “Chaste Artemis, who guides the lunar car,
    The pale nocturnal vigils ever keeping,
    Sped through the silent space from star to star,
    And, blushing, stooped to kiss Endymion sleeping.”

                                                 --_Boyesen._

Partly awakened, Endymion rested his eyes for an instant upon the
bright maiden ere she vanished, but that one glance kindled a great
passion in his heart. Diana descended night after night to caress
him while he slept, and even while wrapped in slumber he watched for
her coming and enjoyed the bliss of her presence. At last she threw
over him the spell of eternal sleep and, that none might know of her
passion, concealed him in a cave, where she continued always to come
and gaze enraptured upon his face and press soft kisses upon his lips.

   “Queen of the wide air; thou most lovely queen,
    Of all the brightness that mine eyes have seen;
    As thou exceedest all things in thy shrine,
    So every tale does this sweet tale of thine.”

                                                 --_Keats._


INTERPRETATION.

“This story suggests aspiring and poetic love, a life spent more in
dreams than in reality, and an early and welcome death.” Mueller, the
great authority on philology, says that in ancient language the people
said, “Diana kisses Endymion to sleep,” instead of, “It is night.” Some
mythologists consider Endymion the personification of sleep.


ART.

This beautiful representation of the gentle goddess of night in the
Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, was found in the ruins of Hadrian’s
Villa, on the Tiber. Diana, in a very graceful attitude, with head
bowed and hands outstretched, rapturously gazes at her sleeping lover.
The forearms are modern, but the restoration is in admirable keeping
with the motive and is undoubtedly correct.




[Illustration]

Sleeping Ariadne.

   “_High upon the hill of Drios,
    As the day began to waken,
    All alone sat Ariadne,
    Watching, weary and forsaken.
    And with sighing of the pine-trees
    By the low wind gently shaken,
    All day long in mournful snatches
    Rose the plaint of Ariadne,
    Watching, weary and forsaken._”

                             --THOMAS DAVIDSON.


STORY.

THE DESERTED PRINCESS.

Minos, the king of Crete, in revenge for the death of his son, slain
by the Athenians, exacted a yearly tribute from them of youths and
maidens. Theseus, a valiant youth of Athens, offered himself as one
of the victims of this tribute, with the intention of slaying the
Minotaur, a hideous monster to whom Minos was in the habit of feeding
his captives. The cave in which the Minotaur was confined was a
labyrinth so constructed that no man who entered could find means to
escape before he was met and devoured.

The king’s fair daughter saw and fell in love with Theseus. She gave
him a sword and a clue of thread so that he was enabled to slay the
Minotaur and find his way out of the labyrinth.

   “And the slender clue
    Prepared in secret by the enamoured maid,
    Through the curved labyrinth his steps conveyed.”

                                                 --_Catullus._

Fearing the wrath of her father, Ariadne fled with Theseus to the
Island of Naxos. But Theseus, ungrateful and selfish, deserted her
while she was sleeping, and setting sail to his ship, was soon borne
away.


INTERPRETATION.

Theseus is the sun: he slays the Minotaur (the terrible monster of
darkness), and carries off Ariadne (dawn). Ariadne is forced to share
the woes of all who love the sun god, and must be abandoned.


ART.

The eventful sleep of Ariadne on the Island of Naxos, during which
Theseus deserted her, is here represented. It is an unquiet sleep
as denoted by the attitude and the disorder of the beautiful but
complicated drapery. The uneven surface, upon which the body reclines,
causes it to be slightly drawn together, and adds to the idea of
unrest. The gentle droop of the head, the relaxed, curving arms,
and the languid air of sleep make the figure extremely graceful and
feminine, though almost colossal in size.

The statue has been in the Louvre since the time of Pope Julius II.




[Illustration]

Ariadne.

   “_The daughter of a king, how should I know
    That there were tinsels wearing face of gold,
    And worthless glass, which in the sunlight’s hold
    Could shameless answer back my diamond’s glow
    With cheat of kindred fire? The current slow
    And deep and strong and stainless, which has rolled
    Through royal veins for ages, what had told
    To them that hasty heat and lie could show
    As quick and warm and red as theirs? Go free!
    The sun is breaking on the sea’s blue shield
    Its golden lances: by their gleams I see
    Thy ship’s white sails. Go free if scorn can yield
    Thee freedom! Then alone, my love and I,--
    We both are royal: we know how to die._”

                                                 --HELEN HUNT.


STORY.

MARRIAGE OF BACCHUS AND ARIADNE.

The island where Ariadne was left when deserted by Theseus was a
favorite haunt of Bacchus, the young god of wine. In wandering over the
rocks one day, he came across Ariadne as she sat lamenting her fate.
Her distress appealed to him, and in consoling her he became charmed
with her beauty. His devotion and admiration caused her to forget her
faithless lover, and, after a short courtship, Bacchus won her for his
wife.

The bridegroom presented the bride with a golden crown adorned with
seven glittering gems. Shortly after the marriage, however, Ariadne
sickened and died. The broken-hearted Bacchus took the crown and flung
it into space, where, growing in brightness, it became a beautiful
constellation known as Ariadne’s crown or corona.

   “And still her sign is seen in heaven,
    And, midst the glittering symbols of the sky,
    The starry crown of Ariadne glides.”

                                       --_Apollonius Rhodius._


INTERPRETATION.

As the female semblance of Bacchus, Ariadne appears to have been a
promoter of vegetation. She alternated between the joy of spring and
the melancholy of winter. By some mythologists she is thought to have
been connected with star-worship.


ART.

This statue is the most celebrated work of the distinguished German
sculptor, Dannecker (1758–1841). It is known to many people the world
over through the generosity of Herr Bethmann of Frankfort, who admits
visitors to his gallery, and from the many casts and pictures made of
it.

The author did not choose the more touching and poetic character in
which to represent Ariadne. She is here no longer the deserted and
desolate one, but the triumphant bride of the god of the vintage.

The figure, which is larger than life, reclines on the back of a clumsy
panther. The body and limbs are finely modeled, and the attitude is
graceful and pleasing. Some critic has remarked that this statue makes
the conduct of Theseus inexcusable.




[Illustration]

Minerva.

“The Wise.”

   “_From his awful head
    Whom Jove brought forth, in warlike armor drest,
    Golden, all radiant._”

                                                 --SHELLEY.


STORY.

THE DIVINITY OF ATHENS.

   “Her home was on the radiant shores
      Where snow-white Athens shines;
    How beautiful her servitors,
      How stately were her shrines!

    And how from farthest east and west,
      And by the unknown sea,
    What goddess was so well beloved,
      So much revered as she?”

Minerva was the daughter of Jupiter and was said to have leaped forth
from his brain mature and in complete armor. She was warlike in her
tendencies, but it was defensive war only with which she was in
sympathy.

As a goddess of storms and battles the Greeks called her Athene, and as
she also possessed gentle characteristics, she was styled Pallas.

She was the goddess of wisdom, of weaving and of agriculture, and was
forever a virgin, scorning the affections which were frequently offered
her. As the especial divinity of the people of Athens she put to flight
a deity named Dullness, who had ruled there.

   “Ere Pallas issued from the Thunderer’s head,
    Dullness o’er all possessed her ancient right,
    Daughter of Chaos and Eternal Night.”

                                                 --_Pope._

Many temples and altars were dedicated to Minerva, the most celebrated
of all being the Parthenon at Athens.


INTERPRETATION.

Minerva is a dawn goddess. Her Greek name, Athene, from the Sanskrit
_ahana_, means the “light of daybreak.” She springs from the “dark
forehead of the broad heavens,” searches out the dark corners, and
fills all with her light. This conception of penetrating scrutiny
passes readily into the idea of wisdom. The Latin _Minerva_, is
connected with _mens_, the English _mind_.


ART.

It is easy to recognize statues of Minerva, as she wears an ægis or
mantle of goatskin (the emblem of the storm-cloud), the clasp of
which is the head of Medusa, won for her by Perseus. It has been
suggested that this head so worn has an inner meaning, and that it is
intended for a symbol of evil which, though always present, may be made
powerless by virtue.

This well executed statue of Minerva in the Capitol, Rome, is a direct
offspring of the colossal creation in ivory and gold by Phidias which
stood in the Parthenon. The energetic, warlike figure is short and
thick-set. The folds of the drapery, especially that of the upper
garment, are sharp and angular.




[Illustration]

Euterpe.

“The Charmer.”

   “_Who can bar the way of song?
    Who can do the Muse a wrong?
    Sooner may the stream be reined,
    Or the noonday sunbeams chained._”

                             --EDITH M. THOMAS.


STORY.

THE NINE MUSES.

   “Nine sisters, beautiful in form and face,
    Came from their convent on the shining heights
    Of Pierus, the mountain of delights,
    To dwell among the people at its base.
    Then seemed the world to change. All time and space,
    Splendor of cloudless days and starry nights,
    And men and manners, and all sounds and sights
    Had a new meaning, a diviner grace.”

                                                 --_Longfellow._

The Muses were the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne (memory),
and were born at Pieria on Mt. Olmypus. To each was assigned some
particular department of literature, art or science, over which she
reigned as goddess.

Euterpe presided over the art of music and was called the “mistress of
song.” Thalia was Muse of comedy and burlesque, Melpomene of tragedy,
Urania of astronomy, Terpsichore of dance, Erato of love poetry,
Polyhymnia of sacred poetry, Calliope of heroic poetry, and Clio of
history.


INTERPRETATION.

Euterpe is the personification of those lofty aspirations of mortals
which find expression in music. The name Euterpe means giver of
pleasure.


ART.

This finely executed statue of Euterpe is in the Louvre and is believed
to be a copy from Scopas. The pose and attitude are remarkable for
regal grace. The arrangement of the draperies is unique.




[Illustration]

Orpheus and Eurydice.

   “_But give them me, the mouth, the eyes, the brow;
    Let them once more absorb me! One look now
    Will lap me round forever, not to pass
    Out of its light, though darkness lie beyond:
    Hold me but safe within the bond
    Of one immortal look! All woe that was,
    Forgotten, and all terror that may be
    Defied,--no past is mine, no future: look at me._”

                                                 --BROWNING.


STORY.

A PATHETIC LEGEND.

   “Such notes as warbled to the string
    Drew iron tears down Pluto’s cheek
    And made Hell grant what Love did seek.”

Orpheus and his beloved wife, Eurydice, were constant companions, but
one day Eurydice trod upon a poisonous snake, was bitten on the foot,
and soon died. Her spirit was borne into Hades by Mercury. The husband,
left desolate, boldly made his way into the land of shadows, presented
himself before the throne of Pluto and Proserpine, and, with the aid of
his lyre, persuaded them to again unite the thread of Eurydice’s life.

   “Hell consented
      To hear the Poet’s prayer;
    Stern Proserpine relented
      And gave him back the fair.”

                             --_Pope._

Eurydice was permitted to return to earth on condition that, as she
followed her husband from the regions of the dead, he should not look
behind him. Conducted by Mercury, they had all but passed the fatal
limits of that gloomy world when Orpheus, no longer able to restrain
his impatience, looked back, and so lost once more and forever his
beloved Eurydice.


INTERPRETATION.

Eurydice, whose name comes from a Sanskrit word denoting the
broad-spreading blush of dawn across the sky, is a personification of
that light slain by the serpent of darkness at twilight.

Orpheus is sometimes considered as the sun, and the dawn (Eurydice)
reappears opposite the place where he disappeared; as the dawn is no
longer seen after the sun has fairly risen, the ancients said, “Orpheus
has turned round too soon to look at Eurydice, and so is parted from
the wife he loves.”


ART.

This marble relief, in the Villa Albani, Naples, is a fine illustration
of one of the leading principles of Greek art--extreme moderation in
the expression of passion. The greatest grief is most delicately yet
most intensely expressed by a few voiceless gestures.

Orpheus, guided by Mercury, is leading Eurydice back from Hades.
Contrary to his contract, he turns with irresistible longing to look at
her before they are entirely past the portals. Eurydice lovingly puts
her hand on his shoulder. But now their parting must come. Orpheus’
bitterness at his fate is expressed by his hand, which moves toward the
hand of his beloved. Mercury, sad and pitying, takes her by the other
hand to lead her again “down the darkling ways.”




[Illustration]

Bacchus.

“The God of Many Names.”

   “_The jolly god in triumph comes;
    Sound the trumpets, beat the drums;
    Flushed with a purple grace
    He shows his honest face;
    Now give the hautboys breath: he comes, he comes,
    Bacchus, ever fair and young._”

                                                 --DRYDEN.


STORY.

THE GOD OF WINE.

   “In chorus we sing of wine, sweet wine,
    Its power benign, and its flavor divine.”

                             --_Martenz de la Rosa._

Bacchus, the youngest of the gods, was the son of Jupiter and Semele.
His mother, instigated by the jealous Juno, who appeared to her in
disguise, demanded of Jupiter that he should reveal himself to her in
all his power and majesty. Jupiter unwillingly complied and, making his
thunder bolts milder than usual, appeared before her. The lightning
which played about his head set fire to the palace and Semele was
consumed. The child, Bacchus, was snatched from the flames by his
brother Mercury and borne away to the nymphs, who guarded him most
faithfully.

While still a youth Bacchus was appointed god of wine. Spring was a
season of gladness for him, winter a time of sorrow. He delighted in
roaming over the world borne by his followers or riding in his chariot
drawn by wild beasts. His train was composed of men and women, nymphs,
fauns and satyrs who drank wine made from water and sunshine, ate
grapes, and sang the praises of their leader.

   “We follow Bacchus! Bacchus on the wing,
    A-conquering!
    Bacchus, young Bacchus! good or ill betide,
    We dance before him through kingdoms wide.”

                                       --_Keats._


INTERPRETATION.

Semele is the personification of a fertile soil in spring which brings
forth the productive vine. Bacchus is regarded as the spiritual form of
the new vernal life, the sap of vegetation as manifest in the juice of
the grape.

The orgies were but a poetic incarnation of blithe, spiritual youth.
The idea of Bacchus is not a simple one. His many titles have given
rise to an almost endless number of variations of his story which are
in many cases inconsistent and complicated.


ART.

Of the many representations of Bacchus this statue in the Naples Museum
is considered one of the most lovely. It is full of gladness and is
simple, delicate and beautiful. The child Bacchus is carried on the
shoulders of a faun. He holds a bunch of grapes in one hand and clasps
the head of the faun with the other. The faun is playing on cymbals and
looks back and up at Bacchus with a happy smile.




[Illustration]

Apollo and Daphne.

   “_Was it not well, Apollo, for revenge
    Of thine, my stronghold should imprison me?
    Surely thou art content. No dream of thine
    For mockery, because I loved thee not,
    Could have matched bitterness with this, this spell
    That holds me fast in answer to my prayer._

    _Then crown thy lyre, if thou wilt so,
    With my unwilling leaves. And let them be
    Symbol to men, of triumph; nay, but hear;
    To thee, memorial that I whisper now:
    The eternal thing thou shall not overtake,
    Token of Daphne whom thou couldst not thrall,
    And Song that hath the sov’reignty,--not thou._”

                                       --J. P. PEABODY.


STORY.

APOLLO’S FIRST LOVE.

One bright morning Daphne, a charming nymph with flowing hair and
sparkling eyes, was sporting in the forest. Apollo, passing by, saw
the maiden and forthwith fell in love with her. He longed to obtain
her, but before he could reach her side she fled. He called to her
to dismiss her fears and listen to his love. He assured her of his
sincerity, of his standing.

   “You fly, alas, not knowing whom you fly,
    No ill-bred swain, nor rustic clown am I.”

                                       --_Prior._

But Daphne continued her flight, pausing not a moment to listen to his
plea. Apollo pursued and gained upon her in the race. She called upon
her father, the river god, for protection. “Help!” she cried, “open
the earth to enclose me or change my form which has brought me into
this danger.” A moment more and her feet seemed rooted to the ground.
A rough bark enclosed her quivering limbs. The woodiness crept upward
and by degrees invested her whole body. Her trembling hands were filled
with leaves. She was changed into a laurel tree. Apollo, reaching out
to embrace her, clasped the still warm tree and showered kisses on its
leaves.

   “I espouse thee for my tree;
    Be thou the prize of honor and renown;
    The deathless poet and the poem crown:
    Thou shalt the Roman festivals adorn,
    But after poets be by victors worn.”

                                       --_Dryden._


INTERPRETATION.

Daphne is a personification of the morning dew which vanishes beneath
the sun’s hot rays and leaves no trace of its passage except in
luxuriant verdure.


ART.

This remarkable group was executed by Bernini--sometimes called Michael
Angelo the second--when he was but eighteen years old, and is now in
the Villa Borghese, Rome. Near the close of his long life Bernini
declared that he had made little progress after its production.

The flying nymph is seized by the young god and is already being
changed into a laurel tree. The upraised hands are terminated by twigs
and leaves instead of fingers. The wonderful manner in which the lower
limbs are barked about is difficult to describe.

The technical details and mechanical skill of this group excel anything
of the kind ever attempted, and the work is such as would beforehand
have been pronounced an impossibility.




[Illustration]

Proserpine.

“The Maiden.”

   “_What ails her that she comes not home?
    Demeter seeks her far and wide,
    And gloomy browed doth ceaseless roam
    From many a morn till eventide.
   ‘My life, immortal though it be,
    Is naught!’ she cried, ‘for want of thee,
    Persephone, Persephone.’_”

                                       --JEAN INGELOW.


STORY.

THE ABDUCTION.

   “’Tis he! ’tis he! he comes to us
    From the depths of Tartarus.
    For what of evil doth he roam
    From his red and gloomy home?”

                             --_Barry Cornwall._

Pluto, the king of Hades, stole Proserpine from her mother, Ceres,
while she was playing in the flowery fields and bore her away to reign
with him as his queen in the gloomy regions of the dead. For days the
sorrowing mother wandered far and wide searching for her dearly loved
child. The earth which had so long obtained her favors was neglected.
The cattle died, the seed failed to germinate, there was drought,
thistles and brambles were the only growth and famine threatened the
people.

One day a water nymph, who heard the lament of Ceres, told her that as
she had passed through the lower parts of the earth in her endeavor to
escape from a too ardent lover, she had seen Proserpine reigning as the
bride of the monarch there.

Ceres hastened to Jupiter and implored him to restore her daughter,
promising that when she beheld her again the earth should be restored
to fruitfulness, and

                    “At last Zeus himself
    Pitying the evil that was done, sent forth
    His messenger beyond the western rim
    To fetch me back to earth.”

                                       --_Lewis Morris._

But the release of Proserpine was not complete. Jupiter’s law must be
obeyed, but Pluto, before he let her go, persuaded her to eat a morsel
of pomegranate by which he cast upon her a spell that would oblige her
to return to him, for half of the year, while the other half she could
spend with her mother. As soon as Proserpine returned to earth Ceres
cheerfully and diligently attended to her duties and all was blessed
with plenty. But when six months were gone all nature mourned and wept,
for Proserpine left the bright world and returned to the darkness of
Hades.


INTERPRETATION.

Pluto, “the unseen,” “the wealth giver,” greedily drew all things down
to his dismal abode. Hades was a prison or storehouse containing the
germs of all future harvests, and in spite of its darkness was regarded
as a land of great riches. Ceres, the earth mother, expresses the
gloom which falls on the earth during the cheerless months of winter.
Proserpine, spring, typifies the yearly blooming of the flowers and the
growth of the corn from the seed, and hence was obliged to dwell in the
dismal underworld during the dark days of winter, but could return with
each spring to give gladness and fertility to the mourning earth.


ART.

This group, called the “Rape of Proserpine,” the work of Bernini, is in
the Villa Ludovisi, Rome. It has received much adverse criticism, but
has also been greatly admired. It represents Pluto holding Proserpine
in his brawny arms and, in spite of her struggles, carrying her off
to Hades. In artistic excellence it does not compare with “Apollo and
Daphne,” which Bernini executed much earlier in life.




[Illustration]

Cupid.

“The Child Angel of Mythology.”

   “_Though little be the God of love,
      Yet his arrows mighty are,
    And his victories above
      What the valiant reach by war.
    Nor are his limits with the sky;
    O’er the Milky Way he’ll fly,
    And sometimes wound a deity._”

                             --SHIRLEY.


STORY.

THE BOY-GOD OF LOVE.

   “For Venus did but boast a son,
    The rosy Cupid was that boasted one.
    He, uncontrolled thro’ heaven extends his sway,
    And gods and goddesses by turns obey.”

                                                 --_Eusden._

Cupid was the beautiful but mischievous son of Venus. He was never
without his bow and quiver of arrows, and whoever was hit by one of his
magic darts straightway fell in love. The wound was at once a pain and
a delight. Some traditions say that he shot blindfold, his aim seemed
so often at random.

   “With bandaged eyes he never sees
    Around, below, above.
    His blinding light
    He flingeth white
    On God’s and Satan’s brood,
    And reconciles
    By mystic wiles
    The evil and the good.”

                             --_Emerson._

Although nursed with tender solicitude, he did not grow as other
children, but remained a small, rosy, chubby child with gauzy wings and
dimpled face. Alarmed for his health, Venus consulted Themis (Law), who
oracularly replied, “He is solitary; if he had a brother he would grow
apace.” In vain the goddess strove to catch the subtile significance
of the answer. When Anteros, god of passion, was born, the secret was
revealed. When with his brother, Cupid grew until he became a graceful,
slender youth, but when away from him he always resumed his childlike
form and bewildering pranks.


INTERPRETATION.

Cupid was the lord of the dawn. To a youthful race of men love was like
a “morn radiating with heavenly splendor over their souls, pervading
their hearts with a glowing warmth, purifying their whole being like a
fresh breeze, and illuminating the whole world around them with a new
light.” To express this feeling, the dawn of love, there was but one
similitude,--the blush of day, the rising of the sun. They said “The
sun has risen” where we say “I love.”


ART.

Cupid makes one of the most attractive subjects in sculpture. We know
him at a glance, whether beside his mother, with Psyche, or alone.

The Cupid of the illustration is the work of Michael Angelo. It was
discovered forty years ago hidden away in the cellars of the Ruccelli
Palace, Florence, and passed by purchase into the possession of the
English nation and is now in the South Kensington Museum.

Cupid is seen in the statue as a well-grown youth, a noble conception
of the young god. He seems to stand for a love that is determined, for
a love that conquers every obstacle. He has dropped on one knee to take
an arrow from the ground. In his raised left hand he holds the bow.




[Illustration]

Vulcan.

“The Crippled Artist God.”

   “_He made the gods their golden shoes,
    And shod their steeds with brass._”


STORY.

THE GOD OF FIRE.

   “Those who labor
    The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,
    Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleaming armor,
    Acknowledge Vulcan’s aid.”

                                                 --_Prior._

Vulcan, the son of Jupiter, was born lame. He was flung from Olympus
by his mother, Juno, who hated him for his deformity, and he fell
into the sea, where the mother of Achilles found him. He made for her
son a shield, which was a wonderfully clever piece of handiwork. Many
celebrated pieces of metal work were ascribed to Vulcan. In revenge for
his mother’s cruel treatment of him, he fashioned a cunningly devised
throne which held her by invisible bonds against her will. The thunder
bolts of Jupiter, the trident of Neptune and the girdle of Venus all
came from his workshop.


INTERPRETATION.

The word Vulcan means the brightness of the flame. Vulcan is
represented as lame and puny at birth because the flame comes from a
tiny spark. He dwells in the heart of volcanoes where the intense heat
keeps the metals malleable so that he can mould them at will.


ART.

   “At Venus’ entreaty for Cupid, her son,
    These arrows by Vulcan are cunningly done.
    The first is Love, as here you may behold,
    His feathers, head and body are of gold,
    The second shaft is Hate, a foe to Love,
    And bitter are his torments for to prove;
    The third is Hope, from which our comfort springs,
    His feathers they are pulled from fortune’s wings;
    Fourth, Jealousy in basest minds doth dwell:
    His metal Vulcan’s Cyclops sent from Hell.”

                                                 --_Peake._

Thorwaldsen’s favorite branch of sculpture was bas relief, in which he
excelled. One of his numerous works in this department shows Vulcan
forging arrows for Cupid. He is represented as an aged man hammering
at his forge and indicating by his attitude the lameness with which,
according to the myth, he was afflicted, but with such delicacy as in
no wise to detract from the god-like dignity of his figure.




[Illustration]

Perseus.

“Child of the Morning.”

   “_For now behind her unseen, Perseus passed,
    And silently whirled the great sword round;
    And when it fell, she fell upon the ground,
    And felt no more of all her bitter pain._”

                                       --WM. MORRIS.


STORY.

THE SLAYING OF THE GORGON.

Perseus was sent by the tyrant, Polydictes, to attempt the conquest
of the Gorgon, Medusa, a terrible monster, whose hair was hissing,
writhing snakes, and who possessed petrifying power sufficient to turn
all beholders into stone.

Perseus, favored by the gods and well equipped by them, sought the home
of the Gorgons. He was rendered invisible by Pluto’s helmet, and drew
near without detection. Minerva had loaned him her mirror-like shield
and, watching in it the reflected form of Medusa, he severed her head
and seizing it, bore it swiftly away to Polydictes, who, upon beholding
it, turned to stone.


INTERPRETATION.

Perseus, the sun, “destroyer of evil and noxious things,” is forced by
Polydictes, darkness, to journey to the home of the Gorgons, gloaming,
and conquer Medusa, the star-lit heaven marred by ghastly vapors which
stream like dark serpents across it.


ART.

This Perseus, by Canova, is in the Belvedere of the Vatican. It is a
beautifully finished statue in which the artist evidently imitated the
Apollo Belvedere. The head of Medusa is that of a young and lovely
woman, with the serpents arranged about her face like curling hair--yet
Canova has succeeded in giving her that expression of “freezing disdain
which pierces the very soul.”




[Illustration]

Hebe.

“The Ever Young.”

   “_Hebe honored them of all
    Ministered nectar and from cups of gold
    They pledged each other._”

                                       --HOMER.


STORY.

THE CUP-BEARER.

Hebe was the daughter of Jupiter and Juno. She waited upon the gods and
filled their cups with nectar with which it was their wont to pledge
each other. But one day she awkwardly tripped and fell, and was forced
to resign her office to Ganymede.

She married Hercules after he was received among the gods. Later
traditions represent her as a divinity who had it in her power to make
aged persons young again.


INTERPRETATION.

Hebe, the goddess of youth, embodies the fleeting nature of human
existence, particularly the delightful and elusive stage of youth.

   “Coy Hebe flies from those that woo
      And shuns the hands would seize upon her:
    Follow thy life and she will sue
      To pour for thee the cup of honor.”

                                       --_Lowell._


ART.

This poetic creation in the National Gallery, London, was executed
by Canova. The buoyant Hebe is purely beautiful as she springs away
like the joy of youth. The light drapery does not interfere with the
floating movement. In one hand she lifts high the vase of ambrosia, and
in the other holds a goblet.




[Illustration]

Ganymede and the Eagle.

   “_There too flushed Ganymede, his rosy thigh
        Half buried in the eagle’s down,
    Sole as a flying star shot through the sky
        Above the pillared town._”

                                       --TENNYSON.


STORY.

A TROJAN PRINCE.

   “Eagle pinions, swift as thought,
    Ganymede to heaven brought,
    Stolen from the plains of Troy,
    Loved of gods, immortal boy!
    Still a stranger in the skies,
    Ganymede in heaven sighs.”

                   --_Edith M. Thomas._

Jupiter was obliged to go in quest of another cup bearer to replace
Hebe after she resigned her position. To facilitate this search, he
assumed the form of an eagle and winged his flight over the earth. He
had not flown far when he beheld Ganymede, a youth of marvelous beauty,
alone on Mt. Ida. To swoop down, clutch him in his mighty talons and
bear him safely off to Olympus, was the work of but a few moments.
There the kidnapped youth, the son of the king of Troy, was carefully
taught the duties he was called upon to perform.


INTERPRETATION.

Like Hebe, Ganymede personifies youth. Astronomers place him among
the stars under the name of Aquarius. There is but little growth of
mythical tradition about his personality.


ART.

This pleasing composition, referred by critics to the Alexandrian
period, now in the Naples Museum, shows Ganymede standing by the side
of the eagle and passing his arm about the bird’s neck. The eagle is
placed on a stump so as to bring his head nearer to a level with the
boy’s arm.




[Illustration]

Cupid Stung.


“Cupid once upon a bed Of roses laid his weary head; Luckless urchin,
not to see Within the leaves a slumbering bee. The bee awaked--with
anger wild The bee awaked, and stung the child Loud and piteous are
his cries; To Venus quick he runs, he flies; ‘Oh, mother--I am wounded
through--I die with pain--in sooth I do! Stung by some little angry
thing, Some serpent on a tiny wing--A bee it was--for once I know, I
heard a rustic call it so.’ Thus he spoke, and she the while Heard him
with a soothing smile; Then said, ‘My infant, if so much Thou feel the
little wild-bee’s touch, How must the heart, ah, Cupid, be, The hapless
heart that’s stung by thee!’”

                   --_Moore._ (_Anacreon._)




[Illustration]

Cupid and Psyche.

   “_Pallas shall sit enthroned in wisdom’s station
      Cupid and Psyche be forever wed,
    And still the primal loveliest creation
      Yield new delight from ancient beauty bred._”

                                       --E. C. STEDMAN.


STORY.

A FAIRY TALE.

   “No dulcet sounds escaped her lyre
      E’en when the summer nights were nigh;
    Till Cupid came with glance of fire
      And taught her all the mystery.”

                                       --_Goethe._

Psyche was the youngest of three daughters of a king and by her beauty
incurred the jealousy and envy of Venus, who commanded her son, Cupid,
to slay her. Cupid prepared to obey the command, but became so stricken
with Psyche’s beauty that he fell in love with her and sent a Zephyr to
convey her to a splendid palace where he became her husband. He visited
her, however, only when the shades of night fell and entreated her to
make no attempt to discover his name or see his face, warning her that
if she did he would be forced to leave her, never to return.

   “Dear, I am with thee only while I keep
    My visage hidden: and if thou once shouldst see
    My face, I must forsake thee: the high gods
    Link Love with Faith, and he withdraws himself
    From the full gaze of Knowledge.”

                                       --_Lewis Morris._

Psyche promised to respect his wishes and when the first faint streak
of dawn appeared he bade her farewell to return at night.

   “Now on broad pinions from the realms above
    Descending, Cupid seeks the Cyprian grove;
    To his wide arms enamoured Psyche springs
    And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.
    A purple sash across his shoulder bends
    And fringed with gold his quivered shaft suspends.”

                                                 --_Darwin._

While the novelty of the situation lasted Psyche was happy, but soon
her sisters came and filled her bosom with dark suspicions.

   “They told her that he to whose vows she had listened
      Through night’s fleeting hours was a spirit unblest;
    Unholy the eyes that beside her had glistened
      And evil the lips she in darkness had pressed.
    When next in thy chamber the bridegroom reclineth
      Bring near him thy lamp when in slumber he lies,
    And when the light o’er his dark features shineth
      Thou’ll see what a demon has won all thy sighs.”

                                                 --_Moore._

Psyche’s curiosity and suspicions overcame her discretion and
accordingly when Cupid was asleep she took a lamp and, bending over
him, beheld not a hideous monster, but the most beautiful of the gods.
In the excitement of joy and fear, a drop of hot oil fell from the lamp
upon his shoulder. He opened his eyes and fixed them full upon her,
then spreading his white wings, flew away only stopping long enough to
say:

   “Farewell--what a dream thy suspicion hath broken!
      Thus ever affection’s fond vision is crost.
    Dissolved are her spells when a doubt is but spoken,
      And love once disturbed forever is lost.”

                                                 --_Moore._

Psyche, disconsolate, wandered over the earth seeking her lover, and
at length came to the palace of Venus. Venus retained her as a slave
and imposed upon her the hardest and most humiliating labors. She would
have perished but that Cupid, who still loved her in secret, invisibly
comforted her. One day he found her asleep by the roadside with the
marks of grief upon her lovely face. He softly kissed her and said:

   “Dear, unclose thine eyes,
    Thou mayst look on me now, I go no more,
    But am thine own forever.”

                             --_Lewis Morris._

He bore her away to Mt. Olympus where their union was blessed by the
gods.

   “So now in steadfast love and happy state,
      They hold for aye their mansion in the sky,
    And send down heavenly peace on those who mate,
      In virgin love, to find their joy thereby.”

                                       --_Robert Bridges._


INTERPRETATION.

Cupid is an emblem of the heart. The Greek word for butterfly is Psyche
and the same word means soul.

   “The butterfly the ancient Grecians made
    The soul’s fair emblem.”

                                       --_Coleridge._

The purpose of the story is to illustrate the three stages in the
existence of a soul--its pre-existence in a blessed state, its
existence on earth, its trials and anguish, and its future state of
happy immortality.


ART.

One of the most beautiful of the many representations of this
fascinating story is Canova’s statue in the Louvre of Cupid awakening
Psyche. We cannot fail to have an exalted conception of true beauty
after gazing upon it. It has been said that no kiss in modern art is so
ideal as the one here enjoyed. The youthful figures show grace of form
combined with an exalted spirituality. Only a refined nature could have
conceived the subject so purely.




[Illustration]

Mercury.

“The Master Thief.”

                “_By thy winged cap
    And winged heels I know thee: thou art Hermes,
    Captain of thieves! Hast thou again been stealing
    heifers of Admetus in the sweet
    Meadows of Asphodel?_”

                                                 --LONGFELLOW.


STORY.

THE THEFT.

Mercury was remarkable for his dexterity and cunning. On the day of his
birth he stole the “immortal oxen” of Apollo and drove them off to a
secluded spot where he concealed them. When Apollo missed his cattle he
began to search for some clue to their hiding place or to the thief,
but found nothing except a few broken limbs and scattered twigs.

Suddenly he remembered that the babe whose birth had been announced
that morning in high Olympus, had been appointed god of thieves. He
soon discovered the young rogue hidden away in his cradle. Mercury put
on a pretty air of innocence and denied all knowledge of the cattle;
but Apollo was not easily deceived. He took the thief to Jupiter, who
ordered him to make restitution. Mercury gave his lyre to Apollo who
presented him in return with the divining rod, which afterwards became
the caduceus, and they were then the best of friends.

Although Mercury in his lowest aspects was an accomplished liar and
cunning thief, he was at the same time a swift and trusted messenger of
the gods, the fair youth of whom Homer speaks:

“Straightway beneath his feet he bound his fair golden sandals divine
that bore him over the wet sea and o’er the boundless land with the
breathings of the wind.”

Mercury, when commissioned by the “high thundering Zeus” to perform an
errand much to his distaste, thus soliloquizes:

   “Much must he toil who serves the Immortal Gods,
    And I, who am their herald, most of all
    No rest have I, nor respite. I no sooner
    Unclasp the winged sandals from my feet,
    Than I again must clasp them, and depart
    Upon some foolish errand.”

                                       --_Longfellow._


INTERPRETATION.

Apollo (sun) possessed great herds of cattle (clouds). Mercury (wind),
born in the night, after a few hours’ existence waxes sufficiently
strong to drive away the clouds and conceal them, leaving no trace of
his passage except broken branches and scattered leaves. His swiftness,
his strength and his persuasive powers make him an ideal messenger.


ART.

This charming composition by J. A. Delorme, in the Luxembourg,
represents Mercury preparing to depart upon some errand for the gods.
He is seated upon a rock in an easy, graceful attitude and is binding
on his sandals while he seems to be deliberating upon the nature of the
task he is about to perform. His limbs give an impression of strength
combined with agility.




[Illustration]

Mercury.

   “_Foot-feathered Mercury appeared sublime
    Beyond the tall tree-tops, and in less time
    Than shoots the slanted hailstones down he dropt,
    One moment from his home; only the sward
    He with his wand light touched, and heavenward
    Swifter than the flight was gone._”

                                                 --KEATS.


STORY.

THE INVENTOR.

Mercury was not only the swift messenger of the gods, but presided
over commerce, wrestling and other gymnastic exercises, and was the
giver of sweet sleep. To him was ascribed the invention of the lyre. He
found one day a tortoise of which he took the shell, made holes in the
opposite edges, drew cords of linen through, and lo, the instrument was
complete. The cords were nine in number in honor of the nine Muses.

   “So there it lay, through wet and dry,
      As empty as the last new sonnet,
    Till by and by came Mercury,
      And having mused upon it,
   ‘Why here,’ cried he, ‘the thing of things,
      In shape, material and dimension,
    Give it but strings and lo it sings,
      A wonderful invention.’
    So said, so done; the cords he strained
      And as his fingers o’er them hovered,
    The shell disdained a soul had gained,
      The lyre had been discovered.
    O empty world that round us lies,
      Dead shell of soul and thought forsaken,
    Brought we but eyes like Mercury’s,
      In thee what songs would waken.”

                                       --_Lowell._


INTERPRETATION.

Mercury was the wind, and the music he invented was the “melody of
the winds which can awaken feelings of joy and sorrow, of regret and
yearning, of fear and hope, of vehement gladness and of utter despair.”


ART.

Chapu has here shown Mercury as a beautiful, vigorous youth with two
light wings quivering on his head and winged sandals on his feet,
emblematic of his swiftness. He is touching the ground with his magic
wand round which two serpents entwine themselves.

The statue is in the Luxembourg.




[Illustration]

The Genius of Death.

                                  “_This hour
    Thou art the shadow of life, and as the tree
    Stands in the sun and shadows all beneath,
    So in the light of great eternity
    Life eminent creates the shadow of death;
    The shadow passeth when the tree shall fall,
    But I shall reign forever over all._”

                                       --TENNYSON.


STORY.

THANATOS.

Thanatos, or Mors, the god of Death and twin brother of Sleep dwelt
in a dark cavern near the entrance to Tartarus. His office was to
introduce all men to the subterranean abode and reveal to them its
secrets. Occasionally he was followed with meekness and submission, but
more often his approach was regarded with fear. He performed his task
with such relentless severity that at the sight of his gloomy figure
men’s hearts trembled and their minds were filled with awful thoughts.


ART.

The god of death has often been represented in art as a hideous,
cadaverous looking deity, clad in a winding sheet and holding an hour
glass and a scythe. We have a more attractive personification in
Canova’s “Genius of Death,” a detail of the tomb of Clement XIII., in
St. Peter’s, Rome.

The beautiful, pensive youth is sitting in a quiet, restful attitude
holding an extinguished torch. The sleeping lion at his feet adds to
the general air of repose.




[Illustration]

The Graces.

“Goddesses of Gracefulness.”

   “_The three on men all gracious gifts bestow
    Which deck the body or adorn the mind,
    To make them lovely or well favored show;
    As comely carriage, entertainment kind,
    Sweet semblance, friendly offices that bind
    And all the compliments of courtesy;
    They teach us how to each degree and kind
    We should ourselves demean, to low, to high,
    To friends, to foes; which skill men call Civility._”

                                                 --SPENSER.


STORY.

THREE CHARITIES.

Three sisters, Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia, in fair Venus’ train
with the “rosy bosomed Hours,” were goddesses who enhanced the
enjoyments of life by refinement and gentleness. They were young
and modest maidens always dancing, singing or running, or decking
themselves with flowers. Their home was on Mt. Olympus where they often
danced before the deities. The Greeks believed that labor without
gracefulness was in vain, and so Minerva, who presided over the serious
business of life, often called in the aid of the Graces. They also
assisted Mercury in his capacity of god of oratory.


INTERPRETATION.

The manifold beauty which the works of nature, especially in spring
time, display would seem to have given rise in early times to a belief
in the existence of certain goddesses at first simply as guardians
of the vernal sweetness and beauty of nature, and afterward as the
friends and protectors of everything graceful and beautiful. Purity
and happiness in life and gratitude among men were associated with
them. The name “Gratiæ,” or “Charites,” signifies the exercise of kind
affection, or the charities of life.


ART.

These figures of the Graces by Canova, in the Borghese Gallery, Rome,
are classic in outline and refined in treatment. They show not a trace
of sensuality. Many artists have delighted in reproducing this type of
the Graces.




[Illustration]

Pan.

   “_Who weeps the death of Pan? Pan is not dead,
    But loves the shepherds still; still leads the fauns
    In merry dances o’er the grassy lawns,
    To his own pipes; ...
    Pan cannot die till Nature’s decease!
    Full oft the reverent worshiper descries
    His ruddy face and mischief-glancing eyes
    Beneath the branches of old forest trees
    That tower remote from steps of worldly men,
    Or hear his laugh far echoing down the glen._”

                                                 --J. G. SAXE.


STORY.

AN ARCADIAN GOD.

Pan was god of the woods and fields, flocks and shepherds, and his
favorite residence was Arcadia. He was fond of music and led the dances
of the Hours and Graces.

The story goes that a coy nymph whom he loved and endeavored to gain
was changed into a reed which he cut and fashioned into the Syrinx or
Pan’s pipe. With this he charmed trees and flowers as well as men and
animals.

   “Mad with love, and laden
      With immortal pain,
    Pan pursued a maiden--
      Pan, the god, in vain.

    For when Pan had nearly
      Touched her wild to plead,
    She was gone--and clearly
      In her place a reed!

    Long the God unwilling
      Through the valley strayed,
    Then at last submitting,
      Cut the reed and made,

    Deftly fashioned seven
      Pipes, and poured his pain
    Unto earth and heaven
      In a piercing strain.”

                   --_Archibald Lampman._

Although Pan had a pleasant, cheerful face, he was curiously formed,
having a man’s body and a goat’s legs and feet. He was supposed to
delight in inspiring people with sudden and unfounded fears--hence the
word _panic_.


INTERPRETATION.

The character of Pan was symbolic of Nature; the music of his pipes was
the gentle, intermittent breeze.

The lower part of his body was that of a goat on account of the
rough and rocky nature of his favorite haunts. His leaf-shaped
ears--terminating in little peaks like those of some animals--indicate
his wild, forest nature.


ART.

The face and figure of Pan as displayed in this statue by Fremiet,
in the Luxembourg, give an idea of an easy, amiable creature. It is
impossible to gaze long at it without conceiving a kindly sentiment
towards it. The nose is almost straight, but curves inward slightly,
giving the face a good-humored charm. The mouth seems so nearly to
smile outright that one involuntarily smiles in return.




[Illustration]

Hope.

   “_Oh, may she never,
    Till life’s lamp is quenched,
    Turn away from me--
    That noble reciter,
    Comforter--Hope._”

                             --GOETHE.


STORY.

THE PAGAN EVE.

   “Dowered with all celestial gifts,
      Skilled in every art
    That ennobles and uplifts
      And delights the heart,
    Fair on earth shall be thy fame
      As thy face is fair,
    And Pandora be the name
      Thou henceforth shalt bear.”

                             --_Longfellow._

To Prometheus, a giant who first inhabited the earth, was attributed
the creation of man.

   “Prometheus first transmuted
      Atoms culled from human clay.”

                             --_Horace._

It is also said that he stole fire from heaven and so cleverly used it
for the benefit of humanity that it finally gave man dominion over all
the earth.

   “Beautiful is the tradition
      Of that flight through heavenly portals,
    The old classic superstition
    Of the theft and the transmission
      Of the fire of the Immortals.”

                                       --_Longfellow._

Jupiter so grudged fire to mortals that he became furious with anger
and in revenge ordered Vulcan to fashion a woman out of clay and send
her to man to bring misery upon him.

   “The crippled artist god,
    Illustrious, moulded from the yielding clay
    A bashful virgin’s image, as advised
    Saturnian Jove.”

                                       --_Hesiod._

The woman was named Pandora and on her were bestowed all the charms and
weaknesses of human nature. Mercury led her to Epimetheus who, though
warned by his brother Prometheus not to accept any gifts from the gods,
succumbed at once to her beauty and made her his wife. He conveyed her
to his home, where all went merrily until Pandora discovered a box
hidden away in her husband’s house. She was seized with a curiosity to
know its contents, but Epimetheus forbade her to meddle with it.

   “Yon mysterious chest
    Attracts and fascinates me. Would I knew
    What there lies hidden! but the oracle forbids.”

                                            --_Longfellow._

The allurement proved too great, however. Stealthily she raised the
lid to take a peep within and lo, out flew a multitude of plagues and
scattered themselves over the earth to forever torment hapless man with
diseases, vices and crimes. All that remained was Hope. After many
entreaties she came forth to heal the wounds inflicted by her former
fellow prisoners. “Thus entered evil into the world bringing untold
misery: thus followed Hope to point to a happier future.”


INTERPRETATION.

The progress of civilization is symbolized by fire and its adaptation
to the uses of mankind.

Prometheus means forethought or Providence; Epimetheus afterthought.
To be wise after an event is often to be wise too late. The temptation
of Epimetheus came in the form of Pandora (all gifts), and was too
fascinating to be resisted.

Diseases and evils can do no harm until they are let loose.


ART.

Thorwaldsen possessed in a remarkable degree the genuine antique spirit
and in this figure of Hope he has embodied the calm simplicity and
cheerful repose which make the key note of the best Greek sculpture.
There is about it a noble charm which seems to be a reflex of an inward
purity. The smile Hope wears is delicately expressive of her name.




Suggestive Readings.


_Jupiter_

  Olympian Gods.   W. E. Gladstone, _N. A. Review_, April, 1892.
  Epic of Hades.  Wm. Morris.
  Jupiter and Danaë.  J. G. Saxe.
  Jove to Hercules.  Schiller.


_Juno_

  Hymn of Terpander to Juno.  Landor.
  Marble Faun, Chap. I.  Hawthorne.


_Apollo Belvedere_

  Apollo and the Fates.  R. Browning.
  Fable for Critics.  Lowell.
  Apollo.  E. C. Stedman.
  Apollo Pythias.  R. W. Dixon.
  The Sun’s Darling.  Dekker.


_Niobe_

  Songs Unsung.  Morris.
  Childe Harold.  Byron.
  Daphne and Other Poems.  Tennyson.


_Mars_

  Secular Masque.  Dryden.
  Faery Queen.  Spenser.


_Laocoon_

  Laocoon.  Lessing.
  Laocoon.  James Sadolet.


_Venus_

  Birth of Venus, New Symbols.  Hake.
  Venus Victrix.  D. G. Rossetti.
  Venus and Vulcan.  J. D. Saxe.


_Hercules_

  Hercules Spinning.  J. D. Saxe.
  Jove to Hercules.  Schiller.


_Neptune_

  Song of the Sirens.  Lowell.
  Hymn in Praise of Neptune.  Campion.


_Three Fates_

  Parcæ.  T. B. Aldrich.


_Meleager_

  Death of Meleager.  Swinburne.


_Muses_

  Prayer to the Muses.  E. Arnold.
  Spring.  Pope.


_Diana_

  Hymn of the Priestess, Diana.
  To Artemis.  A. Lang.
  Endymion.  Longfellow.


_Ariadne_

  How Bacchus finds Ariadne.  E. B. Browning.
  Hanging of the Crane.  Longfellow.


_Minerva_

  Queen of the Air.  Ruskin.
  On an Intaglio Head of Minerva.  T. B. Aldrich.


_Orpheus_

  Orpheus: A Masque.  Mrs. Jas. T. Fields.
  Orpheus.  Shelley.
  Waking of Eurydice.  Gosse.


_Daphne_

  Daphne.  Swift.
  Daphne.  Tennyson.


_Proserpine_

  The Search for Proserpine.  R. H. Stoddard.
  The Appeasement of Demeter.  Geo. Meredith.


_Cupid and Psyche_

  Marius the Epicurean.  Walter Pater.
  Eros and Psyche.  Dr. Paul Carus.
  Marriage of Cupid and Psyche.  E. B. Browning.


_Cupid_

  Cupid’s Birth.  _Cosmopolitan_, XX., 189.
  Death and Cupid.  J. G. Saxe.
  Cupid Stung.  E. Arnold.


_Perseus_

  Wonder Book--Gorgon Head.  Hawthorne.


_Bacchus_

  Bacchus.
  Bacchus--Poems.  Emerson.
  Praise of Dionysus.  Gosse.
  Dionysus--Greek Studies.  Walter Pater.


_Hebe_

  Hebe.  Lowell.
  Fall of Hebe.  Moore.


_Ganymede_

  Palace of Art.  Tennyson.


_Mercury_

  Mercury.  Boyesen.
  Phœbus and Hermes.  Goethe.


_Pan_

  The Dead Pan.  E. B. Browning.
  Pan in Love.  W. W. Story.
  Pan and Pitys.  Landor.




Bibliography.


Books recommended should further study be desired:

  Studies of the Gods in Greece.  Dyer.
  Juventus Mundi.  Gladstone.
  Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome.  Berens.
  Lays and Legends of Ancient Greece.  Blackie.
  Manual of Mythology in its Relation to Greek Art.  Collignon.
  Manual of Mythology.  Cox.
  Classic Myths.  Gayley.
  History of Sculpture.  Lübke.
  Age of Fable; or Beauties of Mythology.  Bulfinch.
  Handbook of Greek Sculpture.  Gardner.
  Studies in Greek Art.  Harrison.
  Greek Studies.  Pater.
  Myths of Old Greece, I., II., III.  Pratt.




Synonymous Deities.


  _Greek._                            _Roman._
  Zeus (zūs)                        Jupiter (jö´pi-ter)
  Hera (hē´rä)                      Juno (jö´nō)
  Ares (ā´rēz)                      Mars (märz)
  Aphrodite (af-rō-dī´tē)           Venus (vē´nus)
  Artemis (är´tē-mis)               Diana (dī-an´ä)
  Athene (a-thē´nē)                 Minerva (mi-ner´vä)
  Demeter (de-mē´ter)               Ceres (sē´rēz)
  Dionysus (dī-ō-nī´sus)            Bacchus (bak´us)
  Eros (ē´ros)                      Cupid (kū´pid)
  Hades (hā´dēz)                    Pluto (plö´tō)
  Hephæstus (he-fes´tus)            Vulcan (vul´kan)
  Hermes (her´mēz)                  Mercury (mer-kū-ri)
  Leto (lē´to)                      Latona (lā-tō´nä)
  Nike (nī´-kē)                     Victoria (vik-tō´ri-ä)
  Persephone (per-sef´ō-nē)         Proserpine (pros´er-pin)
  Poseidon (pō-sī´don)              Neptune (nep´tūn)




      *      *      *      *      *      *




Transcriber’s note:

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unpaired quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unpaired.

Page 63: “unparalleled” was printed as “unparalled”; corrected here.

Page 73: The poem attributed to Ben Johnson was written by John Keates,
and differs from standard versions of the poem.

Page 167: “Hephæstus” was printed without the “t”, but the
pronunciation was printed with it.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 63157 ***