The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America, by John A. White This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America Author: John A. White Release Date: March 3, 2010 [EBook #31491] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
The baculum is the bony part of the penis. In the species of the subgenus Neotamias the proximal part of the baculum is termed the shaft, and the distal upturned part is termed the tip. On the dorsal side of the tip there is a longitudinal ridge termed the keel. The proximal end of the shaft is termed the base (see fig. 19). Depending on the species, the shaft varies from 2.11 to 5.28 mm. in length, and the base may or may not be widened or deepened.
The purpose of this report is to: (1) Show the usefulness of the structure of the baculum as a taxonomic character in chipmunks;[Pg 614] and (2) compare a classification based on the structure of the baculum with a classification based on the structure and appearance of the skull and skin.
The bacula which were borrowed from the University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, were processed according to the method described by Friley (1947:395-397), whereas all others were processed according to the method described by White (1951:125). Thus the bacula that were borrowed from the University of Michigan, are maintained there in a separate collection, whereas the bacula borrowed from other museums and those that are at the University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, are housed with the skulls of the corresponding specimens.
All measurements of the bacula were made by means of an eyepiece micrometer.
A total of 194 bacula were seen. All of these are in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, unless otherwise indicated by the following symbols:
| BS | United States Biological Surveys Collection. |
| CN | Chicago Natural History Museum. |
| LA | Los Angeles County Museum. |
| MM | University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. |
| NM | United States National Museum. |
| UU | University of Utah, Museum of Zoology. |
I am grateful to Professor E. Raymond Hall for guidance in my study and thank Drs. Robert W. Wilson, Keith R. Kelson, and Edwin C. Galbraith, as well as other friends and associates of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, for encouragement and valuable suggestions. Dr. William L. Jellison, United States Public Health Service, aided me in part of my field work and kindly sent me some specimens of chipmunks. My wife, Alice M. White, made the illustrations and helped me in many ways.
For the loan of bacula I thank Dr. William H. Burt, University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. For permission to search for bacula on study skins, and to process those that were found, I thank Miss Viola S. Schantz, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Chicago Natural History Museum, Mr. Kenneth E. Stager, Los Angeles County Museum, Dr. David H. Johnson, United States National Museum, and Dr. Stephen D. Durrant, Museum of Zoology, University of Utah.
Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University Endowment Association, the National Science Foundation and the United States Navy, Office of Naval Research, through contract No. NR 161 791.
Individual variation.—Individual variation is small. This is shown by a coefficient of variability of only 3.85 in the length of the shaft in a series of 12 specimens of E. umbrinus umbrinus from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah County, Utah.
[Pg 615]Variation with age.—In the chipmunks the baculum varies but little with age. In the youngest specimens that I have taken, the M3 and m3 have not yet erupted and there is no wear on P4 and p4; nevertheless, the baculum in these specimens has nearly an adult configuration and size. In juvenal Eutamias minimus the tip of the baculum is longer in relation to the length of the shaft than it is in adults; the tip is 18 to 28 per cent of the length of the shaft in adults, as opposed to 29 to 32 per cent in juveniles.
Aberrations.—In a small percentage of specimens of E. minimus and E. umbrinus the baculum is small and S-shaped, even in adults.
Variations of taxonomic worth.—Variations in this category are described in the section immediately following the key.
Figure 1
Pelage silky; tail bright orange beneath; markings relatively obscure; size small; skull broad, flattened, and large in proportion to body.
Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/7 of length of tip; tip 39 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 135°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than shaft; shaft short, 2.17 mm.
[Pg 617]Differs from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in base not markedly widened, and shaft thinner; from E. quadrivittatus, E. ruficaudus, E. cinereicollis, and E. quadrimaculatus, in shaft thinner, baculum shorter; from E. townsendii, in base not dorsoventrally thickened, base not so widened; from E. sonomae, in ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, base not dorsoventrally thickened; from E. amoenus, E. minimus, and E. dorsalis, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and shaft more distinct; from E. merriami, in baculum markedly shorter, base not incised dorsally.
Specimen examined: One from Big Cottonwood Meadows, S of Mount Whitney, 10,000 ft., Inyo Co., California (CN).
Figure 2
Coloration varying from light to dark depending on subspecies; size small to medium; rostrum short and stout.
Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 18 to 28 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 125°; distal 1/2 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to long, 2.44 to 4.35 mm.
Differs from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in shaft thinner, base not markedly widened; from E. quadrivittatus, E. ruficaudus, E. cinereicollis, and E. quadrimaculatus, in shaft thinner, tip shorter; from E. amoenus, in tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft; from E. dorsalis, in angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from E. townsendii, in tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft, angle formed by tip and shaft 125° instead of 130°; from E. sonomae, in ridges on either side of tip less well-developed, keel higher; from E. merriami, in shaft shorter (less than 4.40 mm.), base not incised, tip proportionally longer.
For comparison with E. alpinus see the account of that species.
In most places where E. minimus and E. amoenus occur together they can be distinguished without recourse to the baculum, but at Banff and Canmore in western Alberta, recourse to the baculum is almost necessary. There, as elsewhere, they can be distinguished readily by the shape of the bacula.
Specimens examined: 72.
Eutamias minimus borealis: Alberta: Canmore, 1 (BS).
E. m. cacodemus: South Dakota: Shannon Co.: Quinn's Draw, Cheyenne River, 1 (NM); 14 mi. N and 5 mi. W Rockyford, 3,200 ft., 1.
E. m. confinis: Wyoming: Big Horn Co.: 17 mi. E and 3 mi. S Shell, 9,000 ft., 1; 9 mi. E and 9 mi. N Tensleep, 8,200 ft., 1. Washakie Co.: 9 mi. E and 4 mi. N Tensleep, 7,000 ft., 1.
E. m. consobrinus: Montana: Madison Co.: 26 mi. NW West Yellowstone, 6,100 ft., 1. Wyoming: Sublette Co.: 5 mi. E and 9 mi. N Pinedale, 9,100 ft., 2. Uinta Co.: 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 1; 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 ft., 2. Utah: Uintah Co.: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 8. Colorado: Jackson Co.: 9-1/2 mi. W and 2 mi. N Walden, 8,400 ft., 1.
E. m. jacksoni: Michigan: Menominee Co.: 7 mi. E Stephenson, 4 (MM). Wisconsin: Juneau Co.: Camp Douglas, 1 (NM).
E. m. minimus: Wyoming: Natrona Co.: 27 mi. N and 1 mi. E Powder River, 6,075 ft., 1; 16 mi. S and 11 mi. W Waltman, 6,950 ft., 1; Sun Ranch, 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6,000 ft., 1. Uinta Co.: 8-1/2 mi. W Ft. Bridger, 7,100 ft., 1; 2 mi. W Ft. Bridger, 6,700 ft., 1; unspecified, 3 (MM). Sweetwater Co.: Kinney Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6,800 ft., 1; 32 mi. S and 22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7,025 ft., 3; 33 mi. S Bitter Creek, 1.
E. m. operarius: Wyoming: Converse Co.: 21-1/2 mi. S and 24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 1. Carbon Co.: 8 mi. N and 19-1/2 mi. E Savery, 8,800 ft., 1; 5 mi. N and 5 mi. E Savery, 6,900 ft., 1. Albany Co.: 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 1. Colorado: Rocky Mountain National Park, 1 (MM). Boulder Co.: Unspecified, 1 (NM). Gunnison Co.: 7 mi. S and 7 mi. W Gunnison, 8,150 ft., 1. Saguache Co.: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache, 10,000 ft., 2. Archuleta Co.: Unspecified, 1 (MM); 5 mi. S and 25 mi. W Antonito, 9,600 ft., 3. Costilla Co.: Unspecified, 1 (MM). New Mexico: Taos Co.: 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 3.
E. m. pallidus: Montana: Fergus Co.: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Sweetgrass Co.: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Wyoming: Campbell Co.: 4 mi. S and 3 mi. W Rockypoint, 1; Ivy Creek, 8 mi. W and 5 mi. N Spotted Horse, 3; Middle Butte, 6,010 ft., 38 mi. S and 19 mi. W Gillette, 1.
E. m. silvaticus: South Dakota: Pennington Co.: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Custer Co.: Unspecified, 2 (MM). Wyoming: Weston Co.: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn, 6,150 ft., 3.
Figure 3
Pelage tawny to olivaceous; stripes obscure and underparts tawny, or stripes conspicuous and underparts white; tail slender and sparsely haired; size large; skull largest in the subgenus Neotamias.
Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 32 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than shaft; shaft short, 2.24 mm.
Differs from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner, tip proportionally shorter; from E. quadrivittatus, E. ruficaudus, E. cinereicollis, and E. quadrimaculatus, in shaft thinner, baculum shorter and smaller; from E. sonomae, in ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, keel proportionally higher; from E. amoenus and E. dorsalis, in base widened and thickened, baculum usually shorter;[Pg 619] from E. merriami, in being markedly shorter, and having base widened and deepened but not incised dorsally.
For comparisons with E. alpinus and E. minimus see the accounts of those species.
Specimens examined: 2.
E. townsendii townsendii: Oregon: Multnomah Co.: Portland, 1 (NM).
E. t. cooperi: Oregon: Hood Co.: Brooks Meadow, 4,300 ft., 9 mi. ENE Mount Hood, 1.
Figure 4
Upper parts rich reddish, more or less dulled by gray; backs of pinnae of ears nearly bare; tail long and bushy; size large; skull large, long, and narrow; rostrum deep.
Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/10 of length of tip; tip 27 to 31 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/4 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than shaft; shaft of medium length, 3.03 to 3.30 mm.; ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, partly obscuring keel from side.
Differs from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, shaft thin, base not markedly widened, tip proportionally shorter; from E. quadrivittatus, E. ruficaudus, E. cinereicollis, and E. quadrimaculatus, in shaft thin, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, baculum shorter; from E. amoenus and E. dorsalis, in keel lower, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, base thicker and wider; from E. merriami, in markedly shorter, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, tip proportionally longer, base wider and deeper but not incised dorsally.
For comparisons with E. alpinus, E. minimus, and E. townsendii, see the accounts of those species.
Specimens examined: 5.
E. sonomae alleni: California: Marin Co.: Unspecified, 1 (NM).
E. sonomae sonomae: California: Siskiyou Co.: Salmon Mts., W slope, W of Etna, 1 (BS). Shasta Co.: Redding, 1 (BS). Mendocino Co.: Cahto, 1 (BS).
Eutamias amoenus (J. A. Allen)
Figure 5
Upper parts generally ochraceous; venter frequently buffy; size small to medium; zygomatic arches usually appressed to cranium; frequently difficult to distinguish from E. minimus.
Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 30 to 35 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°;[Pg 620] distal 1/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short, 2.37 to 2.96 mm.
Differs from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner; from E. quadrivittatus, E. ruficaudus, E. cinereicollis and E. quadrimaculatus, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter, tip shorter; from E. dorsalis, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and shaft 130°, usually smaller; from E. merriami, in being markedly shorter, and in base not being dorsally incised, tip proportionally longer.
For comparisons with E. alpinus, E. minimus, E. townsendii, and E. sonomae, see the accounts of those species.
Bacula from skins labeled as E. amoenus amoenus from, Lardo, Valley Co., Idaho (MM), Butte Co., Idaho (MM), and Boise National Forest, Idaho (BS), resemble the bacula of E. umbrinus, and critical study of other features of these specimens probably will show that they are E. umbrinus.
Specimens examined: 23.
E. amoenus amoenus: Oregon: Klamath Co.: Fort Klamath, 1 (MM). Idaho: Valley Co.: Lardo, 1 (BS). Butte Co.: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Boise National Forest, 1 (BS).
E. a. ludibundus: British Columbia: Moose Lake, 1 (NM).
E. a. luteiventris: Alberta: Banff, 2 (BS). Montana: Flathead Co.: 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 1. Teton Co.: 17-1/8 mi. W and 6-1/2 mi. N Augusta, 5,100 ft., 2. Missoula Co.: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Idaho: Idaho Co.: 20 mi. S and 2 mi. E Grangeville, 2. Fremont Co.: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 7,000 ft., 5; 9 mi. SW West Yellowstone, 8,500 ft., 1. Wyoming: Teton Co.: 2-1/2 mi. N and 3-1/2 mi. E Moran, 7,225 ft., 1.
E. a. monoensis: California: Mono Co.: Leevining Creek, 1 (NM).
E. a. vallicola: Montana: Ravalli Co.: Bass Creek, 3-1/2 mi. NW Stevensville, 3,750 ft., 2.
Figure 6
General tone of upper parts smoky gray; dorsal stripes indistinct or obsolete; skull large.
Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 29 to 40 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 140°; distal 1/2 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to medium, 2.64 to 3.69 mm.
Differs from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in base not widened, shaft thinner; from E. quadrivittatus, E. ruficaudus, E. cinereicollis, and E. quadrimaculatus, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter; from E. merriami, in shaft markedly shorter, base not incised dorsally, tip proportionally longer.
[Pg 621]For comparisons with E. alpinus, E. minimus, E. townsendii, E. sonomae, and E. amoenus, see the accounts of those species.
Specimens examined: 12.
E. dorsalis dorsalis: Arizona: Yavapai Co.: 3 mi. N Ft. Whipple, 5,000 ft., 1 (BS). Gila Co.: Carr's Ranch, Sierra Ancha Mountains, 1 (BS). Pima Co.: Unspecified, 1 (MM). New Mexico: Valencia Co.: Mount Taylor, 1 (MM); 1 mi. N Cebolleta, 1 (MM). Socorro Co.: San Mateo Mountains, 1 (BS). Chihuahua: Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, 3 (BS).
E. d. utahensis: Wyoming: Sweetwater Co.: W side Green River, 1 mi. N Utah Border, 1. Colorado: Moffat Co.: Escalante Hills, 20 mi. SE Ladore, 1 (BS). Arizona: Coconino Co.: Ryan, 1 (BS).
Eutamias merriami (J. A. Allen)
Figure 7
General tone of upper parts grayish; cheeks and underparts white, more or less dulled by gray; size large; skull large.
Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 2/5 of length of tip; tip 16 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/10 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base incised dorsally; shaft markedly long, 4.88 mm.
Differs from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in base incised dorsally, base not widened, shaft thinner, tip proportionally shorter; from E. quadrivittatus, E. ruficaudus, E. cinereicollis, and E. quadrimaculatus, in base incised dorsally, shaft thinner, tip proportionally much shorter.
For comparisons with E. alpinus, E. minimus, E. townsendii, E. sonomae, E. amoenus, and E. dorsalis, see the accounts of those species.
Specimens examined: One from Mount Piños, Ventura Co., California (LA).
Figures 8-10
Color bright and tawny; size medium to large; braincase widened.
Baculum of E. q. quadrivittatus: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 30 to 44 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft long, 3.17 to 3.62 mm.
Differs from E. q. hopiensis, in baculum larger, angle formed by tip and shaft less distinct; from E. ruficaudus ruficaudus, in shaft and tip proportionally shorter; from E. r. simulans, in keel proportionally lower, shaft usually shorter and narrower; from E. cinereicollis, in shaft shorter, angle formed by tip and shaft larger, ridges on either side of tip more distinct; from E. quadrimaculatus, in tip proportionally shorter, shaft shorter; from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus,[Pg 622] E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in base not markedly widened, shaft longer, angle formed by tip and shaft larger.
For comparisons with E. alpinus, E. minimus, E. townsendii, E. sonomae, E. amoenus, E. dorsalis, and E. merriami, see the accounts of those species.
Baculum of E. q. hopiensis: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/3 of length of tip; tip 34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short, 2.64 mm. in length.
Differs from E. ruficaudus ruficaudus, E. r. simulans, E. cinereicollis, and E. quadrimaculatus, in being shorter, proportions as in E. q. quadrivittatus; from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in base not markedly widened, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from E. alpinus, E. minimus, E. townsendii, E. sonomae, E. amoenus, E. dorsalis, and E. merriami, except for smaller size, as in E. q. quadrivittatus.
Bacula of E. q. hopiensis from northeastern Arizona are like those in typical E. q. quadrivittatus. The specimens from this region, to judge from parts of the animal other than the baculum, are intergrades between E. q. hopiensis and E. q. quadrivittatus. Specimens from near Moab, Grand Co., Utah, are typical E. q. hopiensis and the bacula of these specimens are considerably smaller than those of specimens of typical E. q. quadrivittatus. No bacula are known to me that are structurally intermediate between those of E. q. quadrivittatus and E. q. hopiensis.
Specimens examined: 21.
E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus: Colorado: Gunnison Co.: Sapinero, 1 (BS). Chaffee Co.: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Saguache Co.: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache, 10,000 ft., 1. Fremont Co.: Canon City, 3 (BS). New Mexico: Rio Arriba Co.: Dulce, 1 (BS). Taos Co.: 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 4. Union Co.: Sierra Grande, 1 (BS). Valencia Co.: Mirror Spring, Mt. Taylor, 3 (MM). Torrance Co.: S end, E slope, Manzano Mountains, 2 (BS).
E. quadrivittatus hopiensis: Utah: Grand Co.: Mouth of Nigger Bill Canyon, E side Colorado River, 4 mi. N Moab Bridge, 4,500 ft., 1 (UU); Moab, 4,500 ft., 1 (UU). Arizona: Apache Co.: Tunicha Mountains, 1 (BS).
Figures 11-12
General tone of upper parts dark tawny; size medium; braincase narrowed.
Baculum of E. r. ruficaudus: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 31 to 33 per cent of length of shaft; angle[Pg 623] formed by tip and shaft 120°; distal 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly widened; shaft long, 4.09 to 4.56 mm.
Differs from E. r. simulans, in keel proportionally lower, tip proportionally shorter, distal 1/5 of shaft less laterally compressed, shaft usually longer; from E. cinereicollis, in angle formed by tip and shaft smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct; from E. quadrimaculatus, in tip proportionally longer, shaft usually shorter; from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in base not markedly widened, shaft longer, angle formed by tip and shaft larger.
For comparisons with E. alpinus, E. minimus, E. townsendii, E. sonomae, E. amoenus, E. dorsalis, E. merriami, and E. quadrivittatus, see the accounts of those species.
Baculum of E. r. simulans: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 2/5 of length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 2/5 of shaft laterally compressed; base slightly wider than shaft; shaft medium to long, 3.30 to 4.26 mm.
Differs from E. cinereicollis in, keel proportionally higher, shaft shorter, tip proportionally longer, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller, distal 2/5 of shaft more laterally compressed; from E. quadrimaculatus in, keel proportionally higher, angle formed by tip and shaft larger, tip proportionally longer, distal 2/5 of shaft more laterally compressed, shaft shorter; from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in base not markedly widened, shaft usually longer.
For comparisons with E. alpinus, E. minimus, E. townsendii, E. sonomae, E. amoenus, E. dorsalis, E. merriami, and E. quadrivittatus, see the accounts of those species.
The differences between the bacula of the subspecies Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus and E. r. simulans are comparable to those usually found between species of chipmunks. Consequently, I suspect that E. r. simulans and E. r. ruficaudus are specifically distinct and suggest that a search would be worth while for specimens in the geographic area between the geographic ranges as now known for the two kinds to ascertain whether intergradation (the criterion of subspecies) occurs. I suppose there is no intergradation but in the absence of precise information, I choose not to modify the current taxonomic arrangement of E. r. ruficaudus and E. r. simulans.
Specimens examined: 17.
E. ruficaudus ruficaudus: Montana: Flathead Co.: 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 2. Ravalli Co.: Big Hole Hill, 6,000 ft., 2; Big Hole Hill, 6,600 ft., 1; Continental Divide, Big Hole Hill, 7,000 ft., 1.
E. r. simulans: Idaho: Bonner Co.: Priest Lake, 1 (BS). Kootenai Co.: 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, 3. Shoshone Co.: Mullan, 1 (BS). Clearwater Co.: 25 mi. E and 16 mi. N Pierce, 6.
Eutamias cinereicollis (J. A. Allen)
Figure 13
General tone of upper parts dark grayish tawny; size medium to large; skull large; braincase widened.
Baculum: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 145°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly widened; shaft long, 4.88 mm.
Differs from E. quadrimaculatus, in keel lower, ridges on either side of tip weakly developed, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in shaft longer, base not markedly widened, angle formed by tip and shaft much larger.
For comparisons with E. alpinus, E. minimus, E. townsendii, E. sonomae, E. amoenus, E. dorsalis, E. merriami, E. quadrivittatus, and E. ruficaudus, see the accounts of those species.
Specimen examined: One from Mount Thomas, White Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona (BS).
Eutamias quadrimaculatus (Gray)
Figure 14
General tone of upper parts bright reddish; pattern inconspicuous; light and dark facial stripes strongly contrasting; size large; skull relatively small and slightly built.
Baculum: Shaft thick; keel relatively low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 27 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 120°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than shaft; shaft long, 4.35 to 5.28 mm.
Differs from E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. townsendii, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri, in shaft markedly longer; base not markedly widened; angle formed by tip and shaft larger; tip proportionally shorter.
For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks from western North America, see the accounts of those species.
Specimens examined: 4.
California: Plumas Co.: Mountains near Quincy, 1 (BS). Placer Co.: Blue Canyon, 1 (NM). Alpine Co.: Markleeville, 1 (BS); N fork Stanislaus River, 1 (BS).
[Pg 625]Eutamias speciosus (Merriam)
Figure 15
General tone of upper parts bright; light and dark elements of color pattern strongly contrasting; outer stripes broad and strikingly conspicuous; size medium; skull moderately broadened; dorsal outline of skull strongly arched in profile; upper incisors short and sharply recurved.
Baculum: Shaft thick; keel of medium height, 1/3 of length of tip; base of keel 1/3 of length of tip; tip 47 to 55 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 90°; distal 2/3 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly wider than shaft; shaft short to medium, 2.11 to 3.17 mm.
Differs from E. panamintinus, in base of keel proportionally shorter, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from E. umbrinus and E. palmeri, in keel higher, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller, distal 2/3 (not 1/2) of shaft markedly laterally compressed, base markedly wider; from E. bulleri, in keel smaller, shaft shorter, tip proportionally longer, ridges on either side of tip distinct.
For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North America, see the accounts of those species.
The baculum in E. speciosus frater is approximately the same size as in E. umbrinus inyoensis, but differs in shape as described above.
Specimens examined: 6.
E. speciosus frater: California: Madera Co.: San Joaquin River, near head of N fork, Sierra Nevada Mountains, 2 (BS).
E. speciosus sequoiensis: California: Tulare Co.: Mount Whitney, 1 (BS); Sequoia National Park, 2 (BS).
E. speciosus callipeplus: California: Kern Co.: Mount Pinos, 1 (BS).
Eutamias panamintinus (Merriam)
Figure 16
Dorsal dark stripes reddish; size small to medium; skull of medium size; braincase flattened.
Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/3 of length of tip; base of keel 1/2 of length of tip; tip 52 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 110°; distal 2/3 of shaft moderately compressed laterally; base markedly widened; shaft short, 2.17 mm.
Differs from E. umbrinus and E. palmeri, in distal 2/3 (rather than 1/2) of shaft moderately compressed laterally; from E. bulleri, in keel smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct.
For comparisons with other species of chipmunks of western North America, see the accounts of those species.
[Pg 626]The structure of the baculum most closely resembles that of E. speciosus and the geographic ranges of these two species are in juxtaposition.
Specimen examined: One from Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co., California (CN).
Eutamias umbrinus (J. A. Allen)
Figures 17-18
General tone of upper parts dark; size medium to large; skull of medium size; braincase narrowed.
Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 36 to 50 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 100°; distal 1/2 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly widened; shaft short to medium, 2.51 to 3.03 mm.
Differs from E. bulleri, in shaft shorter, keel smaller, ridges on either side of tip distinct; distal 1/2 of shaft strongly compressed laterally. Does not differ from E. palmeri.
For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North America, see the accounts of those species.
Specimens of E. umbrinus montanus from north-central Colorado have, in the past (Howell 1929:82), been referred to E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus. In many features these two kinds of chipmunks resemble each other closely; their bacula, nevertheless, differ markedly (compare figs. 8-9 with 17-18).
Specimens examined: 25.
E. umbrinus umbrinus: Wyoming: Uinta Co.: 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 1. Utah: Uintah Co.: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 12.
E. u. adsitus: Utah: Beaver Co.: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range Mountains, 8,500 ft., 1 (BS). Wayne Co.: Donkey Lake, Boulder Mountain, 10,000 ft., 1 (UU). Garfield Co.: Wildcat R. S., Boulder Mountain, 8,700 ft., 1 (UU).
E. u. sedulus: Utah: Garfield Co.: Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains, 1 (BS).
E. u. inyoensis: California: Tulare Co.: Mount Whitney, head of Big Cottonwood Creek, 2 (BS). Nevada: Elko Co.: W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N Elko County Line, 1.
E. u. nevadensis: Nevada: Clark Co.: Sheep Mountains, 1 (MM).
E. u. fremonti: Wyoming: Sublette Co.: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., 1; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 1.
E. u. montanus: Colorado: Boulder Co.: 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000 ft., 1; 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1.
[Pg 627]Eutamias palmeri Merriam
Figures 17-18
General tone of upper parts grayish tawny; ocular stripe pale; skull, rostrum, nasals, and upper incisors shorter than in E. umbrinus.
Baculum: Indistinguishable from that of E. umbrinus. This supports the opinion of previous students that E. palmeri is a close relative of E. umbrinus which occurs immediately to the north and east. Intergradation does not occur between these two species, for, low-lying terrain, inhospitable to chipmunks, isolates E. palmeri from its relatives. (Verbal information from E. R. Hall.)
Specimen examined: One from Charleston Peak, 8,000 ft., Clear Creek Co., Nevada.
Eutamias bulleri (J. A. Allen)
Figure 19
General tone of upper parts dark; dorsal dark stripes conspicuous and black; size large; skull large.
Baculum: Shaft thick; keel high, 1/2 of length of tip; keel long, 1/2 of length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 100°; base markedly widened; shaft of medium length, 3.30 mm.
For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North America, see the accounts of those species.
The large size of the keel of the baculum in this species is distinctive among chipmunks of western North America.
Specimens examined: 2.
E. bulleri bulleri: Zacatecas: Sierra de Valparaiso, 2 (NM).
Figs. 1-19. Lateral view of right side, unless otherwise indicated, of the baculum in each of the species of chipmunks (subgenus Neotamias) of western North America:
1. Eutamias alpinus, No. 12577 CN; from Big Cottonwood Meadow, Tulare Co., California.
2. E. minimus consobrinus, No. 25439; from 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 ft., Uinta Co., Wyoming.
3. E. townsendii cooperi, No. 53169; from Brooks Meadow, 4,300 ft., 9 mi. ENE Mt. Hood, Hood River Co., Oregon.
4. E. sonomae sonomae, No. 98436 BS; from Redding, Shasta Co., California.
5. E. amoenus luteiventris, No. 33811; from 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 7,000 ft., Fremont Co., Idaho.
6. E. dorsalis dorsalis, No. 213415 BS; from 3 mi. N Ft. Whipple, 5,000 ft., Yavapai Co., Arizona.
7. E. merriami merriami, No. 1270 LA; from Mount Pinos, Ventura Co., California.
8 and 9. E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus, No. 35648/47919 BS; from Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado. Figure 9 in dorsal view.
10. E. quadrivittatus hopiensis, No. 783 UU; from Moab, 4,500 ft., Grand Co., Utah.
11. E. ruficaudus ruficaudus, No. 33884; from 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., Flathead Co., Montana.
12. E. ruficaudus simulans, No. 41478; from 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai Co., Idaho.
13. E. cinereicollis cinereicollis, No. 208621 BS; from Mount Thomas, White Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona.
14. E. quadrimaculatus, No. 95780 BS; from Mountains near Quincy, Plumas Co., California.
15. E. speciosus sequoiensis, No. 29135/41203 BS; from Mount Whitney, Tulare Co., California.
16. E. panamintinus panamintinus, No. 12502 CN; from Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co., California.
17. E. umbrinus umbrinus, No. 38062; from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah Co., Utah.
18. E. umbrinus montanus, No. 20105; from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder Co., Colorado. Dorsal view.
19. E. bulleri bulleri, No. 193142 NM; from Sierra del Valparaiso, Zacatecas.
In California, Johnson (1943) recognized ten species of chipmunks and assigned these to the five main groups of species which were proposed by Howell (1929). In characterizing each species, Johnson (op. cit.) not only made a careful study of skins and skulls, but also employed many ecological data.
Study of the bacula of the Californian chipmunks supports Johnson's (op. cit.) conclusion that there are ten species, but suggests that there are three (not five) groups of species in California—as well as elsewhere within the geographic range of the subgenus Neotamias. The three groups are (see figs. 1-19): 1. minimus-group (E. alpinus, E. minimus, E. townsendii, E. sonomae, E. amoenus, E. dorsalis, and E. merriami); 2. quadrivittatus-group (E. quadrivittatus, E. ruficaudus, E. cinereicollis, and E. quadrimaculatus); and 3. speciosus-group (E. speciosus, E. panamintinus, E. umbrinus, E. palmeri, and E. bulleri).
Eutamias panamintinus, according to Howell (op. cit.:78) and Johnson (op. cit.:83), is a near relative of E. amoenus. But, the baculum in E. panamintinus more closely resembles that in E. speciosus than that in E. amoenus (compare figs. 5, 15, and 16). Consequently I have placed E. panamintinus in the speciosus-group.
In north-central Colorado, specimens that really are E. umbrinus (subspecies montanus) have, in the past (Howell op. cit.:82), been referred to E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus, but the bacula of the two species differ markedly from each other (compare figs. 8-9 with 17-18) and permit the specimens readily to be correctly identified to species. Further, Howell (op. cit.:95) placed E. umbrinus (subspecies umbrinus and fremonti of current usage) in the quadrivittatus-group, whereas the structure of the baculum leads me to place E. umbrinus in the speciosus-group.
Thus, groups of species established on the basis of only skulls and skins, in a few instances differ from those established on a broader basis which includes the bacula.
Johnson (op. cit.:63) writes, "Each species [of Eutamias] has a characteristic habitat which differs from those of other species. Where two or more species occur together in a general locality they are usually mutually exclusive in their choice of foraging and nesting sites and in the time of breeding." Thus he classified the species of Californian chipmunks not only by morphologic characteristics but by habits and habitats as well. The characteristics of the skulls and skins of chipmunks probably reflect the habitats[Pg 631] in which these animals live. The characteristics of the bacula, on the other hand, may also reflect the habitats in which the animals live, but to a lesser degree. Because the structures of the bacula are probably less affected by the action of the external environment they probably indicate relationships between groups of species of chipmunks more clearly than do characteristics of the skulls and skins.
If the structures of the bacula indicate relationships between groups of species of chipmunks more clearly than do the characteristics of the skulls and skins, the close resemblance of the skulls of E. quadrivittatus and E. umbrinus may be thought of as convergence. The same can be said of E. amoenus and E. panamintinus.
Friley, C. E., Jr.
1947. Preparation and preservation of the baculum of mammals. Jour. Mamm., 28:395-397, 1 fig., December 1.
Howell, A. H.
1929. Revision of the American chipmunks (genera Tamias and Eutamias). N. Amer. Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 maps.
Johnson, D. H.
1943. Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias of California). Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6 pls., 12 figs, in text, December 24.
White, J. A.
1951. A practical method for mounting the bacula of small mammals. Jour. Mamm., 32:125, February 15.
Transmitted June 26, 1953.
◻
24-8968
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of
Western North America, by John A. White
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. ***
***** This file should be named 31491-h.htm or 31491-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/4/9/31491/
Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph
Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
https://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at https://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
gbnewby@pglaf.org
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
https://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.